Notes
Matches 4,301 to 4,350 of 7,802
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| 4301 | Lucius Neratius Priscus Lucius Neratius Priscus was a Roman Senator and leading jurist, serving for a time as the head of the Proculeian school.[1] He was suffect consul in the nundinium of May–June 97 as the colleague of Marcus Annius Verus.[2] Family The origins of the gens Neratia lie in the Italian town of Saepinum in the heart of Samnium;[3] Priscus' father was the homonymous suffect consul of the year 87. He is known to have a younger brother, Lucius Neratius Marcellus, who was adopted by their uncle Marcus Hirrius Fronto Neratius Pansa who was suffect consul in either 73 or 74 and co-opted into the Patrician class; Marcellus became suffect consul two years before Priscus, and ordinary consul in 129.[4] The existence of a son with the identical name and consul in either 122 or 123, inferred from the existence of the possible governor of Pannonia Inferior, was disproved by a 1976 paper written by G. Camodeca, whose findings were embraced by Ronald Syme.[5] Career Most of Priscus' advancement through the cursus honorum has been established.[6] His first known office was as military tribune with Legio XXII Primigenia between c. 79 to c. 80, in Mogontiacum (modern Mainz). Next he held the office of quaestor (c. 83/84), and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Priscus would be enrolled in the Senate.[7] The two other magistracies followed: plebeian tribune (c. 85/86) and praetor (c. 88/89); usually a senator would govern either a public or imperial praetorian province before becoming a consul, but none is known for Priscus. After serving as suffect consul, Priscus was admitted to the collegia of the Septemviri epulonum, one of the four most prestigious ancient Roman priesthoods. He was also entrusted with governing, in succession, the imperial provinces of Germania Inferior (98- 101),[8] then Pannonia (102-105).[9] The Digest of Justinian records that the emperor Trajan invoked the help of Priscus and Titius Aristo on a point of law.[10] According to the Historia Augusta, there was a rumor that Trajan considered making Priscus his heir to the empire, before finally deciding on Hadrian to succeed him.[11] Despite being a potential rival for the throne, Priscus was one of the legal experts the emperor Hadrian relied on for advice.[12] | Lucius Neratius Priscus (I34011)
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| 4302 | Lucy Ros d/o William Ros,Knt, & Eustchie FitzRaplh b- 1270 - Ingmanthorpe, Yorkshire, England m- sir, Robert III Plumpton her marriage portion - rent in Middleton & Langber, pasture & wood in Nesfield d- 1332 - Plumpton, Yorkshire, England | de Ros, Lucy (I33421)
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| 4303 | Ludwig signed his name in German in North Carolina where he had a gristmill on the Yadkin River. He and his wife Margaret had 6 daughters and 2 sons | KALER, Ludwig "Lewis" (I31792)
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| 4304 | Lutheran Church | Gilbert, Margaret (I10678)
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| 4305 | Lutheran Diaconal | Dietrich, Jacob (I11011)
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| 4306 | Lutheran Hospital | Bechtold, William O (I13812)
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| 4307 | Lutheran Pastor | Schmid, Eduard (I29245)
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| 4308 | Lutheran Pastor | Schultheiß, Johann Adam (I28520)
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| 4309 | Lutheran Reformed Church | Davault, Gabriel (I31870)
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| 4310 | Mabel was the daughter of William I Talvas and his first wife Hildeburg. She was the heiress of her father’s estates, her half-brother Oliver apparently being excluded. She also inherited the remainder of the Bellême honor in 1070 at the death of her uncle Yves, Bishop of Séez and Lord of Bellême. When their father was exiled by her brother Arnulf in 1048 she accompanied him until both were taken in by the Montgomery family. Between 1050-1054 she married Roger II de Montgomery, later 1st Earl of Shrewsbury. Roger II de Montgomery was already a favorite of Duke William and by being given in marriage to Mabel it increased his fortunes even further. Her husband Roger had not participated in the Norman conquest of England, but had remained behind in Normandy as co-regent along with William's wife, Matilda of Flanders. He had also contributed 60 ships to Duke William's invasion force. He joined the king in England in 1067 and was rewarded with the earldom of Shropshire and a number of estates to the point that he was one of the largest landholders in the Domesday Book. She and her husband Roger transferred the church of Saint-Martin of Séez to Evroul and petitioned her uncle, Yves, Bishop of Séez to build a monastery there on lands from her estates. The consecration was in 1061 at which time Mabel made additional gifts. Of all of Orderic’s female subjects Mabel was the most cunning and treacherous; if not entirely for her own misdeeds then as the mother of Robert de Bellême, who had a reputation for savagery as well as cruelty. In one passage Orderic describes her as "small, very talkative, ready enough to do evil, shrewd and jocular, extremely cruel and daring." In perpetuating her family’s feud with the Giroie family she set her sights on Arnold de Echauffour, the son of William fitz Giroie who her father had mutilated at his wedding celebration.[a] She obtained part of his estates when she and her husband Roger convinced Duke William to confiscate his lands. In 1063 however, Arnold was promised forgiveness by the Duke and was to have his lands restored. To prevent this Mabel plotted to kill Arnold. She attempted to murder Arnold of Echauffour by poisoning a glass of wine but he declined to drink. Her husband's brother, refreshing himself after a long ride, drank the wine and died shortly thereafter. In the end though she bribed Arnold's chamberlain providing him with the necessary poison, this time being successful. Excepting Theodoric, abbot of the abbey of Saint-Evroul, who she listened to at times, Mabel was hostile to most members of the clergy; but her husband loved the monks at Saint-Evroul so she found it necessary to be more subtle. In an incident in 1064, she deliberately burdened their limited resources by visiting the abbey for extended stays with a large retinue of her soldiers.[c] When rebuked by Theodoric the abbot for her callousness she snapped back that the next time she would visit with an even larger group. The abbot predicted that if she did not repent of her evilness she would suffer great pains and that very evening she did. She left the abbey in great haste as well as in great pain and did not abuse their hospitality again. Mabel continued her wickedness causing many nobles to lose their lands and become destitute. In 1077 she took the hereditary lands of Hugh Bunel by force. Two years later while coming out of her bath, she was killed by some men who had crept into the castle. Hugh had enlisted the help of his three brothers, gained entry to the castle of Bures on the Dives and struck off her head with his sword. The murderers were pursued but escaped by destroying a bridge behind them. Mabel's murder occurred on 2 December 1079 and she was buried three days later at Troarn. Her epitaph is notable as an example of monks bowing more to “the partiality of her friends than to her own merits": Sprung from the noble and the brave, Here Mabel finds a narrow grave. But, above all woman’s glory, Fills a page in famous story. Commanding, eloquent, and wise, And prompt to daring enterprise; Though slight her form, her soul was great, And, proudly swelling in her state, Rich dress, and pomp, and retinue, Lent it their grace and houours due. The border’s guard, the country’s shield, Both love and fear her might revealed, Till Hugh, revengeful, gained her bower, In dark December’s midnight hour. Then saw the Dive’s o’erflowing stream The ruthless murderer’s poignard gleam. Now friends, some moments kindly spare, For her soul’s rest to breathe a prayer! Mabel and her husband, Roger de Montgomery had ten children: 1. Roger of Montgomery, oldest son, died young 2. Robert de Bellême, Count of Alençcon in 1082, he succeeded his younger brother Hugh as 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury. He married Agnes, Countess of Ponthieu and died in 1131. 3. Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, died without issue 1098. 4. Roger the Poitevin, Vicomte d'Hiemois, married Adelmode de la Marche. 5. Philip of Montgomery. 6. Arnulf of Montgomery,married Lafracota daughter of Muirchertach Ua Briain. 7. Sibyl of Montgomory, she married Robert Fitzhamon, Lord of Creully. 8. Emma, abbess of Almenêches. 9. Matilda (Maud) of Montgomery, she married Robert, Count of Mortain and died c. 1085. 10. Mabel of Montgomery, she married Hugh de Châteauneuf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_de_Bell%C3%AAme | de Bellême, Mabel Talvas (I33704)
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| 4311 | Mac was a WWII U.S. Navy veteran (1936-1945) and Purple Heart recipient. Mac served as a Chief Petty Officer and Chief Fire control man aboard the USS Quincy CA-39 during the Battle of Savo Island-Guadalcanal campaign and the USS Killen and USS Phoenix during the Battle of Surigao Straights and Battle of Leyte Gulf Asia-Pacific campaign. Mac received his Purple Heart from the early morning sinking of the USS quincy by the Japanese fleet. | McQuigg, Charles Robert (I27752)
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| 4312 | Made her will in Nuremberg in 1524 | Rosenthaler, Elsa (I26915)
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| 4313 | Madog ap Maredudd From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Madog ap Maredudd (Middle Welsh: Madawg mab Maredud, Madawc mab Maredut; died 1160) was the last Prince of the entire Kingdom of Powys, Wales and for a time held the Fitzalan Lordship of Oswestry. Madog was the son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn and grandson of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn. He followed his father on the throne of Powys in 1132. He is recorded as taking part in the Battle of Lincoln in 1141 in support of the Earl of Chester, along with Owain Gwynedd's brother Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd and a large army of Welshmen. In 1149 he is recorded giving the commote of Cyfeiliog to his nephews Owain Cyfeiliog and Meurig. The same year Madog was able to rebuild Oswestry Castle, a fortress of William Fitzalan. It would seem likely that he had gained both the fortresses of Oswestry and Whittington in 1146. Defeat by Gwynedd At this time the King of Gwynedd, between 1149 and 1150, Owain Gwynedd was exerting pressure on the borders of Powys, despite the fact that Madog was married to Susanna, Owain's sister. Madog made an alliance with Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester, but Owain defeated them at the Battle of Ewloe (Coleshill) in 1150 and took possession of Madog's lands in Iâl (English: Yale). In 1157 when King Henry II of England invaded Gwynedd he was supported by Madog, who was able to regain many of his Welsh lands. Even so, he retained the lordships of Oswestry and Whittington. In 1159 Madog would seem to have been the Welsh prince who accompanied King Henry II in his campaign to Toulouse which ended in failure. Returning home to Wales Madog died about 9 February 1160 in Whittington Castle. He was buried soon afterwards in the church of St Tysilio at Meifod, the mother church of Powys. Succession Shared Madog's eldest son, Llywelyn, was killed soon after his father's death in 1160, Powys was then shared between Madog's sons Gruffydd Maelor, Owain Fychan and Owain Brogyntyn, his nephew Owain Cyfeiliog and halfbrother Iorwerth Goch.[1] Powys was never subsequently reunited, being separated into two parts; Powys Fadog (Lower Powys) and Powys Wenwynwyn (Upper Powys). Madog's death enabled Owain Gwynedd to force the homage of Owain Brogyntyn, Madog's youngest son, and effectively annex part of northern Powys. The poet Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr in his elegy on Madog said: While Madog lived there was no man Dared ravage his fair borders Yet nought of all he held Esteemed he his save by God's might ... If my noble lord were alive Gwynedd would not now be encamped in the heart of Edeyrnion Edeyrnion (or Edeirnion) was a commote inherited by Owain Brogyntyn and had been the home of his mother (who was not married to his father). Owain may also have been raised there. It was annexed to Gwynedd during Owain's time. The Mabinogion The Mabinogion tale The Dream of Rhonabwy is set during Madog's reign. The central character, Rhonabwy, is one of Madog's retainers sent to bring in Madog's rebellious brother Iowerth Goch ap Maredudd. His titular dream contrasts his own time with the grandeur of King Arthur's period.[2] Children Llywelyn ap Madog, died 1160 Gruffydd Maelor ap Madog, died 1191 Owain Fychan ap Madog, c. 1125-1187 Owain Brogyntyn ap Madog (illegitimate) Gwenllian ferch Madog, married Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth Marared ferch Madog, married Iorwerth ab Owain Gwynedd and was the mother of Llywelyn the Great Efa ferch Madog, married Cadwallon ap Madog ap Idnerth, prince of Maelienydd Fiction Madog's intervention in the Battle of Lincoln in 1141 forms an important plot element in the detective novel Dead Man's Ransom, part of the Brother Cadfael chronicles by Edith Pargeter (writing as Ellis Peters). Notes 1. Ashley, Mike (2012). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queen.s Hachette. 2. Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion, pp. 177–191. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3. References John Edward Lloyd (1911). A history of Wales: from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest. Longmans, Green & Co. Remfry, P.M., Whittington Castle and the families of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, Peverel, Maminot, Powys and Fitz Warin (ISBN 1-899376-80-1) Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Line 176B-26 Regnal titles Preceded by Maredudd ap Bleddyn Prince of Powys 1132–1160 Succeeded by Gruffydd Maelor Owain Fychan Owain Brogyntyn Owain Cyfeiliog Iorwerth Goch Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madog_ap_Maredudd&oldid=712358963" Categories: 1160 deaths Monarchs of Powys House of Mathrafal 12th-century Welsh monarchs Welsh princes People of The Anarchy This page was last edited on 28 March 2016, at 17:05. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. | ap Maredudd, Madog (I26354)
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| 4314 | Magnolia City Hospital | Viertel, Doris Mae (I11717)
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| 4315 | Magonius or Magnus O'Cahan Prince Of Limavady. Manus Catha an Duin was a son of Rory Raudria O'Cathain [1][2] He was a prince of Limavady, killed by the English in the Battle of Down (Druim Dearg) in 1260. He died in the year 1260 in Slain At Battle Of, Down, Ireland, he was 60 years old. The Battle of Druim Dearg, also known as the Battle of Down, took place on or about 14 May 1260 near Downpatrick, in modern-day County Down, Northern Ireland. [3] Hence the epithet Catha an Duin MacNamee laments the loss of Magnus O'Cathain as being the most grievous after that of O'Neill himself. Lament of the O'Cathain Loss "Bitter to my heart (to see) the grey Galls Triumphing over the slaughtered Maghnus; That the head of O'Cathain, attracting no notice, Should be seen on the bridge of Dun. At night did Maghnus of Macha remain Between wounded bodies; If Brian had not been in the slaughter There would be no loss like O'Cathain. Maghnus himself, Eachmarcach too, Muircheartach, Dounchadh, Domhnall, And Niall O'Cathain all falling with wounds: Alas, it was not one loss only. A misfortune to our children and our wives Was the slaying of Maghnus O'Cathain: That scion of Inbhear-Abhaigh never neglected A son or a daughter of Eoghan's race."[4] | O'Cathain, Prince Magnus (I35612)
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| 4316 | MAHLON RAE HAUK Of 109 Eighth avenue, Juniat, died at 3:40 o'clock this morning at Mercy hospital where he had been a patient since April 8. He was born in Altoona Nov. 16, 1925, a son of Charles M. and Amber Pearl (Wolf) Hauk, and married Miss Edith Isabel Luke of Juniata, Jan. 11, 1945. He was employed as an accountant by the Draining company. Surviving are his wife, one daughter, Donna Kay; his father, of the city, and the following brothers and sisters: Charles William of Grafton, W. Va., Howard Elwood of Wheeling, W. Va., Robert P., James G., Mrs. Jessie Forslit and Mrs. Betty Jane Miller, all of the city. Mr. Hauk was a member of the Bethany Lutheran church and Men's Bible class. Friends will received at the Saleme funeral home, Juniata, after 7 o'clock this evening. | Hauk, Mahlon Rae (I27281)
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| 4317 | Maiden name as Struben from Melton's History of Cooper County, Page 379 | Strubin, Caroline "CARRIE" (I1804)
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| 4318 | Maiden name could be Trodler, Trotter, Troster, etc. | Trodler, Frederica "FANNIE" (I12304)
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| 4319 | Maiden name is HETTIL per Carl Henry Ernest Walther. | Hertta, Anna Margaret Barbara (I9602)
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| 4320 | Maiden name is possibly Melber. | Melber, Elsbeth (I26917)
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| 4321 | Maiden name is Renfrow | Renfrow, Louise E (I28251)
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| 4322 | Maiden name of Hayes is Hess in German. | Hayes, Friederike (I8921)
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| 4323 | Maiden name on the headstone "Upper"; also known as "Uppey" Documents owned by the Boone Society: George Boone was buried ye thirty first of May 1696 Sarah Boon "wido" was buried ye 5th of February 1708 and she died aged 80 years, and never had an aching Bone, or decay'd Tooth." The Boone Society has not been able to find the marriage or birth records for George Boone II and his wife Sarah, and cannot confirm her maiden name of Uppey." Source: The Boone Society, Aug. 2012 Burial here per: "The ecclesiastical parish of Stoke Canon is a small community only about five miles north of Exeter, County of Devon in England. Also known as St. Mary Magdalene, this is the church in which George Boone I and Sarah (Uppey/Opie) Boone baptized three of their children, Henry in 1663, George (II) in 1666, and John in 1673. Henry and John both were buried there; Henry at age four months, and John at age 20. George (I) and Sarah were buried there also; George I in 1696 and Sarah in 1708. No tombstones exist today for this family. The Boone Society's English Research Committee has copies of the above mentioned baptism and burial records." | Uppey, Sarah (I31854)
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| 4324 | MAINARD "le Riche" . He is named in the Historia Pontificum et Comitum Engolismensis which records that "Gaufredus seu Josfredus" married [his daughter] "Petronilla filia Marnardi dicti Divitis, domini Archiaci et Botavillæ...sola eius heres"[1013]. Seigneur d'Archiac. m UDULGARDIS, daughter of ---. Mainard & his wife had one child: a) PETRONILLE d’Archiac https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANGOULEME.htm#PetronilleArchiacdied1029 | d'Udulgardis, N.N. (I34537)
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| 4325 | Major Arthur Allen, Jr. born 1650 in the Allen family home in Surry, Virginia, USA and died before September 5, 1710 in Isle Of Wight County. Virginia at the age of (83). He married Catherine Baker, daughter and heiress of Capt. Lawrence Baker of Surry Co. The will of Arthur was proved in Surry Co. Court September 5, 1710 and named the following children. Arthur Allen, Jr. and Joan may have been born in England and were transported to Virginia by their father, Arthur Allen Sr. Arthur Allen became an agent for tobacco merchants in Bristol, England, and arrived in Virginia during the 1640s. He amassed one of the largest plantations in Surry County by the 1660s. There, he built a three story brick house that reflected his status as one of the county's wealthiest men. Allen died in 1669; his house became known as Bacon's Castle in 1802 after Nathaniel Bacon's followers occupied it during the 1676 insurrection. Bacon's Castle, also variously known as "Allen's Brick House" or the "Arthur Allen House" is located in Surry County, Virginia, United States, and is Virginia's oldest documented brick dwelling. Built in 1665, it is noted as an extremely rare example of Jacobean architecture in the New World. The house became known as "Bacon's Castle" because it was occupied as a fort or "castle" by the followers of Nathaniel Bacon during Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. However, contrary to popular folklore, Bacon never lived at Bacon's Castle, nor is he even known to have visited it. Today Bacon's Castle is an historic house museum and historic site open for guest visitation. Bacon's Castle is an official Preservation Virginia historic site and operates under its 501 (c)(3) not-for-profit status. Arthur Allen Jr was a minor when his father died in 1669, so his mother waited until 1670 to finalize her administration of the estate leaving the family brick mansion to her adult son Arthur Allen Jr without need for a guardian. This left her free to marry her next door neighbor John Hardy. | Allen, Arthur (I31995)
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| 4326 | Malcolm and Stewart McLeod, together with their cousin Peter McLeod, sailed from Glasgow on William Rankin's famous Clipper Ship the Daniel Rankin on the 5th of September 1863. It was a record breaking trip of 90 days under Captain Alexander Muller, carrying 155 passengers and cargo, which arrived in Port Chalmers on the 7th December 1863. The Daniel Rankin, a 193.3 sailing clipper of 1048 tons was wooded sheathed with yellow metal, wooden masts and spars and was built to special surveys in Deumbarton, Scotland in 1858. Stewart McLeod was 34 years of age when he migrated to Otago. He first worked on farms at Brighton, Kurl Bush and Taieri Mouth and later moved to Woodside, West Taieri, where for many years he was associated with his brothers, Malcolm, Thomas and William in the proprietorship of the Woodside Dairy Factory. He married Elizabeth Grant of Granton Farm and engaged in its management for a long period. Granton consisted of 160 acres of rich Taieri land and in addition more land was leased from the Shand Estate. Stewart McLeod, like many other of that ilk had a long and successful life and passed away in 1912 at the age of 83. His wife Eliabeth died on 17 Apr 1934 aged 91 years. | McLeod, Sturat (I3234)
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| 4327 | Malcolm I Malcolm I of Scots King of Alba Reign 943–954 Predecessor Constantine II Successor Indulf Died 954 Issue Dub, King of Scots Kenneth II, King of Scots House Alpin Father Donald II, King of Scots Malcolm I of Scotland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Máel Coluim mac Domnaill (anglicised Malcolm I) (died 954) was king of Scots (before 943 – 954), becoming king when his cousin Causantín mac Áeda abdicated to become a monk. He was the son of Domnall mac Causantín. Máel Coluim was probably born during his father's reign (889–900).[1] By the 940s, he was no longer a young man, and may have become impatient in awaiting the throne. Willingly or not—the 11th-century Prophecy of Berchán, a verse history in the form of a supposed prophecy, states that it was not a voluntary decision that Constantine II abdicated in 943 and entered a monastery, leaving the kingdom to Máel Coluim.[2] Seven years later, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says: [Malcolm I] plundered the English as far as the River Tees, and he seized a multitude of people and many herds of cattle: and the Scots called this the raid of Albidosorum, that is, Nainndisi. But others say that Constantine made this raid, asking of the king, Malcolm, that the kingship should be given to him for a week's time, so that he could visit the English. In fact, it was Malcolm who made the raid, but Constantine incited him, as I have said.[3] Woolf suggests that the association of Constantine with the raid is a late addition, one derived from a now-lost saga or poem.[4] He died in the shield wall next to his men. Máel Coluim would be the third in his immediate family to die violently, his father Donald II and grandfather Constantine I both having met similar fates 54 years earlier in 900 and 77 years earlier in 877 respectively. In 945, Edmund I of England, having expelled Amlaíb Cuaran (Olaf Sihtricsson) from Northumbria, devastated Cumbria and blinded two sons of Domnall mac Eógain, king of Strathclyde. It is said that he then "let" or "commended" Strathclyde to Máel Coluim in return for an alliance.[5] What is to be understood by "let" or "commended" is unclear, but it may well mean that Máel Coluim had been the overlord of Strathclyde and that Edmund recognised this while taking lands in southern Cumbria for himself.[6] The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says that Máel Coluim took an army into Moray "and slew Cellach". Cellach is not named in the surviving genealogies of the rulers of Moray, and his identity is unknown.[7] Máel Coluim appears to have kept his agreement with the late English king, which may have been renewed with the new king, Edmund having been murdered in 946 and succeeded by his brother Edred. Eric Bloodaxe took York in 948, before being driven out by Edred, and when Amlaíb Cuaran again took York in 949–950, Máel Coluim raided Northumbria as far south as the Tees taking "a multitude of people and many herds of cattle" according to the Chronicle.[8] The Annals of Ulster for 952 report a battle between "the men of Alba and the Britons [of Strathclyde] and the English" against the foreigners, i.e. the Northmen or the Norse-Gaels. This battle is not reported by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and it is unclear whether it should be related to the expulsion of Amlaíb Cuaran from York or the return of Eric Bloodaxe.[9] The Annals of Ulster report that Máel Coluim was killed in 954. Other sources place this most probably in the Mearns, either at Fetteresso following the Chronicle, or at Dunnottar following the Prophecy of Berchán. He was buried on Iona.[10] Máel Coluim's sons Dub and Cináed were later kings. References 1. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 177. 2. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 175; Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 444–448; Broun, "Constantine II". 3. Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 452–453. 4. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 178–181. 5. Early Sources, pp. 449–450. 6. ASC Ms. A, s.a. 946; Duncan, pp. 23–24; but see also Smyth, pp. 222–223 for an alternative reading. 7. It may be that Cellach was related to Cuncar, Mormaer of Angus, and that this event is connected with the apparent feud that led to the death of Máel Coluim's son Cináedin 977. 8. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ms. D, s.a. 948, Ms. B, s.a. 946; Duncan, p. 24. 9. Early Sources, p. 451. The corresponding entry in the Annals of the Four Masters, 950, states that the Northmen were the victors, which would suggest that it should be associated with Eric. 10. Early Sources, pp. 452–454. Some versions of the Chronicle, and the Chronicle of Melrose, are read as placing Máel Coluim's death at Blervie, near Forres. Further reading For primary sources see also External links below. Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8 Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8 Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0-7486-0100-7 External links CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress. (CKA) The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle XML Edition by Tony Jebson and translated at the OMACL Preceded by Causantín mac Áeda King of Scots 943–954 Succeeded by Ildulb mac Causantín Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotland&oldid=783102782" Categories: 954 deaths 9th-century births 9th-century Scottish monarchs 10th-century Scottish monarchs House of Alpin Burials at Iona Abbey This page was last edited on 31 May 2017, at 04:25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. | of Scotland, King of Alba Malcolm I (I26347)
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| 4328 | Malcolm II King of Scots Reign 1005–1034 Predecessor Kenneth III Successor Duncan I Born c. 954 Died 25 November 1034 Glamis Burial Iona Issue Bethóc Donada Olith House Alpin Father Kenneth II Malcolm II of Scotland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Malcolm (Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 954 - 25 November 1034)[1] was King of the Scots from 1005 until his death.[2] He was a son of King Kenneth II; the Prophecy of Berchán says that his mother was a woman of Leinster and refers to him as Forranach, "the Destroyer".[3] To the Irish annals which recorded his death, Malcolm was ard rí Alban, High King of Scotland. In the same way that Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland, was not the only king in Ireland, Malcolm was one of several kings within the geographical boundaries of modern Scotland: his fellow kings included the king of Strathclyde, who ruled much of the south-west, various Norse-Gael kings on the western coast and the Hebrides and, nearest and most dangerous rivals, the kings or Mormaers of Moray. To the south, in the Kingdom of England, the Earls of Bernicia and Northumbria, whose predecessors as kings of Northumbria had once ruled most of southern Scotland, still controlled large parts of the southeast.[4] Contents 1 Early years 2 Children 3 Bernicia 4 Cnut 5 Orkney and Moray 6 Strathclyde and the succession 7 Death and posterity 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early years Malcolm II was born to Kenneth II of Scotland. He was grandson of Malcolm I of Scotland. In 997, the killer of Constantine is credited as being Kenneth, son of Malcolm. Since there is no known and relevant Kenneth alive at that time (King Kenneth having died in 995), it is considered an error for either Kenneth III, who succeeded Constantine, or, possibly, Malcolm himself, the son of Kenneth II.[5] Whether Malcolm killed Constantine or not, there is no doubt that in 1005 he killed Constantine's successor Kenneth III in battle at Monzievaird in Strathearn.[6] John of Fordun writes that Malcolm defeated a Norwegian army "in almost the first days after his coronation", but this is not reported elsewhere. Fordun says that the Bishopric of Mortlach (later moved to Aberdeen) was founded in thanks for this victory over the Norwegians.[7] Children Malcolm demonstrated a rare ability to survive among early Scottish kings by reigning for twenty-nine years. He was a clever and ambitious man. Brehon tradition provided that the successor to Malcolm was to be selected by him from among the descendants of King Aedh, with the consent of Malcolm's ministers and of the church. Ostensibly in an attempt to end the devastating feuds in the north of Scotland, but obviously influenced by the Norman feudal model, Malcolm ignored tradition and determined to retain the succession within his own line. But since Malcolm had no son of his own, he undertook to negotiate a series of dynastic marriages of his three daughters to men who might otherwise be his rivals, while securing the loyalty of the principal chiefs, their relatives. First he married his daughter Bethoc to Crinan, Thane of The Isles, head of the house of Atholl and secular Abbot of Dunkeld; then his youngest daughter, Olith, to Sigurd, Earl of Orkney. His middle daughter, Donada, was married to Finlay, Earl of Moray, Thane of Ross and Cromarty and a descendant of Loarn of Dalriada. This was risky business under the rules of succession of the Gael, but he thereby secured his rear and, taking advantage of the renewal of Viking attacks on England, marched south to fight the English. He defeated the Angles at Carham in 1018 and installed his grandson, Duncan, son of the Abbot of Dunkeld and his choice as Tanist, in Carlisle as King of Cumbria that same year.[8] Bernicia The first reliable report of Malcolm II's reign is of an invasion of Bernicia in 1006, perhaps the customary crech ríg (literally royal prey, a raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war), which involved a siege of Durham. This appears to have resulted in a heavy defeat by the Northumbrians, led by Uhtred of Bamburgh, later Earl of Bernicia, which is reported by the Annals of Ulster.[9] A second war in Bernicia, probably in 1018, was more successful. The Battle of Carham, by the River Tweed, was a victory for the Scots led by Malcolm II and the men of Strathclyde led by their king, Owen the Bald. By this time Earl Uchtred may have been dead, and Eiríkr Hákonarson was appointed Earl of Northumbria by his brother-in-law Cnut the Great, although his authority seems to have been limited to the south, the former kingdom of Deira, and he took no action against the Scots so far as is known.[10] The work De obsessione Dunelmi (The siege of Durham, associated with Symeon of Durham) claims that Uchtred's brother Eadwulf Cudel surrendered Lothian to Malcolm II, presumably in the aftermath of the defeat at Carham. This is likely to have been the lands between Dunbar and the Tweed as other parts of Lothian had been under Scots control before this time. It has been suggested that Cnut received tribute from the Scots for Lothian, but as he had likely received none from the Bernician Earls this is not very probable.[11] Cnut Cnut, reports the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, led an army into Scotland on his return from pilgrimage to Rome. The Chronicle dates this to 1031, but there are reasons to suppose that it should be dated to 1027.[12] Burgundian chronicler Rodulfus Glaber recounts the expedition soon afterwards, describing Malcolm as "powerful in resources and arms … very Christian in faith and deed."[13] Ralph claims that peace was made between Malcolm and Cnut through the intervention of Richard, Duke of Normandy, brother of Cnut's wife Emma. Richard died in about 1027 and Rodulfus wrote close in time to the events.[14] It has been suggested that the root of the quarrel between Cnut and Malcolm lies in Cnut's pilgrimage to Rome, and the coronation of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II, where Cnut and Rudolph III, King of Burgundy had the place of honour. If Malcolm were present, and the repeated mentions of his piety in the annals make it quite possible that he made a pilgrimage to Rome, as did Mac Bethad mac Findláich ("Macbeth") in later times, then the coronation would have allowed Malcolm to publicly snub Cnut's claims to overlordship.[15] Cnut obtained rather less than previous English kings, a promise of peace and friendship rather than the promise of aid on land and sea that Edgar and others had obtained. The sources say that Malcolm was accompanied by one or two other kings, certainly Mac Bethad, and perhaps Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Mann and the Isles, and of Galloway.[16] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle remarks of the submission "but he [Malcolm] adhered to that for only a little while".[17] Cnut was soon occupied in Norway against Olaf Haraldsson and appears to have had no further involvement with Scotland. Orkney and Moray Olith a daughter of Malcolm, married Sigurd Hlodvisson, Earl of Orkney.[18] Their son Thorfinn Sigurdsson was said to be five years old when Sigurd was killed on 23 April 1014 in the Battle of Clontarf. The Orkneyinga Saga says that Thorfinn was raised at Malcolm's court and was given the Mormaerdom of Caithness by his grandfather. Thorfinn, says the Heimskringla, was the ally of the king of Scots, and counted on Malcolm's support to resist the "tyranny" of Norwegian King Olaf Haraldsson.[19] The chronology of Thorfinn's life is problematic, and he may have had a share in the Earldom of Orkney while still a child, if he was indeed only five in 1014.[20] Whatever the exact chronology, before Malcolm's death a client of the king of Scots was in control of Caithness and Orkney, although, as with all such relationships, it is unlikely to have lasted beyond his death. If Malcolm exercised control over Moray, which is far from being generally accepted, then the annals record a number of events pointing to a struggle for power in the north. In 1020, Mac Bethad's father Findláech mac Ruaidrí was killed by the sons of his brother Máel Brigte.[21] It seems that Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti took control of Moray, for his death is reported in 1029.[22] Despite the accounts of the Irish annals, English and Scandinavian writers appear to see Mac Bethad as the rightful king of Moray: this is clear from their descriptions of the meeting with Cnut in 1027, before the death of Malcolm mac Máil Brigti. Malcolm was followed as king or earl by his brother Gillecomgan, husband of Gruoch, a granddaughter of King Kenneth III. It has been supposed that Mac Bethad was responsible for the killing of Gille Coemgáin in 1032, but if Mac Bethad had a cause for feud in the killing of his father in 1020, Malcolm too had reason to see Gille Coemgáin dead. Not only had Gillecomgan's ancestors killed many of Malcolm's kin, but Gillecomgan and his son Lulach might be rivals for the throne. Malcolm had no living sons, and the threat to his plans for the succession was obvious. As a result, the following year Gruoch's brother or nephew, who might have eventually become king, was killed by Malcolm.[23] Strathclyde and the succession It has traditionally been supposed that King Owen the Bald of Strathclyde died at the Battle of Carham and that the kingdom passed into the hands of the Scots afterwards. This rests on some very weak evidence. It is far from certain that Owen died at Carham, and it is reasonably certain that there were kings of Strathclyde as late as 1054, when Edward the Confessor sent Earl Siward to install "Malcolm son of the king of the Cumbrians". The confusion is old, probably inspired by William of Malmesbury and embellished by John of Fordun, but there is no firm evidence that the kingdom of Strathclyde was a part of the kingdom of the Scots, rather than a loosely subjected kingdom, before the time of Malcolm II of Scotland's great-grandson Malcolm Canmore.[24] By the 1030s Malcolm's sons, if he had any, were dead. The only evidence that he did have a son or sons is in Rodulfus Glaber's chronicle where Cnut is said to have stood as godfather to a son of Malcolm.[25] His grandson Thorfinn would have been unlikely to be accepted as king by the Scots, and he chose the sons of his other daughter, Bethóc, who was married to Crínán, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and perhaps Mormaer of Atholl. It may be no more than coincidence, but in 1027 the Irish annals had reported the burning of Dunkeld, although no mention is made of the circumstances.[26] Malcolm's chosen heir, and the first tánaise ríg certainly known in Scotland, was Duncan. 19th-century engraving of "King Malcolm's grave stone" (Glamis no. 2) at Glamis It is possible that a third daughter of Malcolm married Findláech mac Ruaidrí and that Mac Bethad was thus his grandson, but this rests on relatively weak evidence.[27] Death and posterity Malcolm died in 1034, Marianus Scotus giving the date as 25 November 1034. The king lists say that he died at Glamis, variously describing him as a "most glorious" or "most victorious" king. The Annals of Tigernach report that "Malcolm mac Cináeda, king of Scotland, the honour of all the west of Europe, died." The Prophecy of Berchán, perhaps the inspiration for John of Fordun and Andrew of Wyntoun's accounts where Malcolm is killed fighting bandits, says that he died by violence, fighting "the parricides", suggested to be the sons of Máel Brigte of Moray.[28] Perhaps the most notable feature of Malcolm's death is the account of Marianus, matched by the silence of the Irish annals, which tells us that Duncan I became king and ruled for five years and nine months. Given that his death in 1040 is described as being "at an immature age" in the Annals of Tigernach, he must have been a young man in 1034. The absence of any opposition suggests that Malcolm had dealt thoroughly with any likely opposition in his own lifetime.[29] Tradition, dating from Fordun's time if not earlier, knew the Pictish stone now called "Glamis 2" as "King Malcolm's grave stone". The stone is a Class II stone, apparently formed by re-using a Bronze Age standing stone. Its dating is uncertain, with dates from the 8th century onwards having been proposed. While an earlier date is favoured, an association with accounts of Malcolm's has been proposed on the basis of the iconography of the carvings.[30] On the question of Malcolm's putative pilgrimage, pilgrimages to Rome, or other long-distance journeys, were far from unusual. Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Cnut and Mac Bethad have already been mentioned. Rognvald Kali Kolsson is known to have gone crusading in the Mediterranean in the 12th century. Nearer in time, Dyfnwal of Strathclyde died on pilgrimage to Rome in 975 as did Máel Ruanaid uá Máele Doraid, King of the Cenél Conaill, in 1025. Not a great deal is known of Malcolm's activities beyond the wars and killings. The Book of Deer records that Malcolm "gave a king's dues in Biffie and in Pett Meic-Gobraig, and two davochs" to the monastery of Old Deer.[31] He was also probably not the founder of the Bishopric of Mortlach-Aberdeen. John of Fordun has a peculiar tale to tell, related to the supposed "Laws of Malcolm MacKenneth", saying that Malcolm gave away all of Scotland, except for the Moot Hill at Scone, which is unlikely to have any basis in fact.[32] Notes 1. Skene, Chronicles, pp. 99–100. 2. Malcolm's birth date is not known, but must have been around 980 if thFel ateyjarbók is right in dating the marriage of his daughter and Sigurd Hlodvisson to the lifetime of Olaf Tryggvason; Early Sources, p. 528, quoting Olaf Tryggvason's Saga. 3. Early Sources, pp. 574–575. 4. Higham, pp. 226–227, notes that the kings of the English had neither lands nor mints north of thTee es. 5. Early Sources, pp. 517–518. John of Fordun has Malcolm as the killer; Duncan, p. 46, creditKs enneth MacDuff with the death of Constantine. 6. Chronicon Scotorum, s.a. 1005; Early Sources, pp. 521–524; Fordun, IV, xxxviii. Berchán places Cináed's death by the Earn. 7. Early Sources, p. 525, note 1; Fordun, IV, xxxix–xl. References For primary sources see also External links below. Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8 Anon., Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkne,y tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London, 1978. ISBN 0-14-044383-5 8. 1. BETHOC [Beatrix Beatrice Betoch] "Genealogy of King William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani". The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated1 717 names "Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan. source Beatrice who married Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles 2. DONADA [Dovada Duada Doada Donalda] R alph Holinshed's 1577 Chronicle of Scotland names "Doada" as second daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland and adds that she married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth". 3. OLITH [Alice Olith Anlite] Orkneyinga Saga records that "Earl Sigurd" married "the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots". Snorre records the marriage of "Sigurd the Thick" and "a daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm". Ulster journal of archaeolo,g Vyolume 6 By Ulster Archaeological Society names her as (Alice) wife of Sygurt and daughter of Malcolm II. The American historical magazine, Volume 2 By Publishing Society of New York, Americana Society pg 529 names her Olith or Alice. 9. Duncan, pp. 27–28; Smyth, pp. 236–237; Annals of Ulste, rs.a. 1006. 10. Duncan, pp. 28–29 suggests that Earl Uchtred may not have died until 1018. Fletcher accepts that he died in Spring 1016 and the Eadwulf Cudel was Earl of Bernicia when Carham was fought in 1018; Higham, pp. 225–230, agrees. Smyth, pp. 236–237 reserves judgement as to the date of the battle, 1016 or 1018, and whether Uchtred was still living when it was fought. See also Stenton, pp. 418–419. 11. Early Sources, p. 544, note 6; Higham, pp. 226–227. 12. ASC, Ms D, E and F; Duncan, pp. 29–30. 13. Early Sources, pp. 545–546. 14. Ralph was writing in 1030 or 1031; Duncan, p. 31. 15. Duncan, pp. 31–32; the alternative, he notes, that Cnut was concerned about support foOrl af Haraldsson, "is no better evidenced." 16. Duncan, pp. 29–30. St. Olaf's Saga, c. 131 says "two kings came south from Fife in Scotland" to meet Cnut, suggesting only Malcolm and Mac Bethad, and that Cnut returned their lands and gave them gifts. That Echmarcach was king of Galloway is perhaps doubtful; the Annals of Ulster record the death oSf uibne mac Cináeda, rí Gall-Gáedel ("King of Galloway") by Tigernach, in 1034. 17. ASC, Ms. D, s.a. 1031. 18. Early Sources, p. 528; Orkneyinga Saga, c. 12. 19. Orkneyinga Saga, cc. 13–20 & 32; St. Olaf's Saga, c. 96. 20. Duncan, p.42; reconciling the various dates of Thorfinn's life appears impossible on the face of it. Either he was born well before 1009 and must have died long before 1065, or the accounts in thOe rkneyinga Saga are deeply flawed. 21. Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1020; Annals of Ulste,r s.a. 1020, but the killers are not named. The Annals of Ulstern ad the Book of Leinster call Findláech "king of Scotland". 22. Annals of Ulster and Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1029. Malcolm's death is not said to have been by violence and he too is called king rather than mormaer. 23. Duncan, pp. 29–30, 32–33 and compare HudsonP, rophecy of Berchán, pp. 222–223. Early Sources, p.571; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1032 & 1033; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1029 & 1033. The identity of theM . m. Boite killed in 1033 is uncertain, being reading as "the son of the son of Boite" or as "M. son of Boite", Gruoch's brother or nephew respectively. 24. Duncan, pp. 29 and 37–41; Oram,D avid I, pp. 19–21. 25. Early Sources, p. 546; Duncan, pp. 30–31, understands Rodulfus Glaber as meaning that Duke Richard was godfather to a son of Cnut and Emma. 26. Annals of Ulster and Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1027. 27. Hudson, pp. 224–225 discusses the question and the reliability oAf ndrew of Wyntoun's chronicle, on which this rests. 28. Early Sources, pp. 572–575; Duncan, pp. 33–34. 29. Duncan, pp. 32–33. 30. Laing, Lloyd (2001), "The date and context of the Glamis, Angus, carved Pictish stones ("http://webarchive.nationalarch ives.gov.uk/20090809004407/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_311/131_223_239.pdf) (PDF), Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 131: 223–239, archived from the original (http://ads.a hds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_131/131_223_239.pd f()PDF) on 2009-08-09 31. Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer. 32. Fordun, IV, xliii and Skene's notes; Duncan, p. 150; Barrow, Kingdom of the Scots, p. 39. Barrow, G.W.S., The Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN 0-7486-1803-1 Clarkson, Tim, Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2014, ISBN 9781906566784 Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independenc eE.dinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8 Fletcher, Richard, Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Penguin, London, 2002. ISBN 0-14- 028692-6 John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. William Forbes Skene, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–100. Sutton, Stroud, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5 Hudson, Benjamin T., The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Age sG. reenwood, London, 1996. Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–100. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0- 7486-0100-7 Stenton, Sir Frank, Anglo-Saxon England .3rd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971IS BN 0-19-280139-2 Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6 External links CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress. Heimskringla at World Wide School "icelandic sagas" at Northvegr Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an XML edition by Tony Jebson (translation at OMACL) Malcolm II, King of Alba 1005 – 1034. Scotland's History. BBC. Malcolm II of Scotland House of Alpin Born: c. 980 Died: 25 November 1034 Regnal titles Preceded by Kenneth III King of Scots 1005–1034 Succeeded by Duncan I Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_II_of_Scotland&oldid=787161720" Categories: 1034 deaths House of Alpin 11th-century Scottish monarchs Burials at Iona Abbey 954 births This page was last edited on 23 June 2017, at 20:16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. | of Scotland, King of Scotland Malcolm II (I26345)
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| 4329 | Malcolm III of Scotland From Life Sketch Called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries nicknamed Canmore, "Big Head", either literally or in reference to his leadership, "Long-neck"; died 13 November 1093), was King of Scots. He was the eldest son of King Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Malcolm III Margaret and Malcolm Canmore (Wm Hole).JPG Victorian depiction of Malcolm and his second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland King of Alba (Scots) Reign 1058–1093 Coronation 25 April 1058?, Scone, Perth and Kinross Predecessor Lulach Successor Donald III Born c. 26 March 1031 Scotland Died 13 November 1093 Alnwick, Northumberland, England Burial Tynemouth Castle and Priory, Tynemouth, Tyne and Wear, England; reinterred in the reign of Alexander I in Dunfermline Abbey in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland in a shrine with his second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland Spouse Ingibiorg Finnsdottir St. Margaret of Scotland Issue Duncan II, King of Scots Edward, Prince of Scotland Edmund Ethelred Edgar, King of Scots Alexander I, King of Scots David I, King of Scots Edith (Matilda), Queen of England Mary, Countess of Boulogne House Dunkeld Father Duncan I, King of Scots Mother Suthen Malcolm (Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 26 March 1031 – 13 November 1093) was King of Scots from 1058 to 1093. He was later nicknamed "Canmore" ("ceann mòr", Gaelic for "Great Chief": "ceann" denotes "leader", "head" (of state) and "mòr" denotes "pre-eminent", "great", and "big"). Malcolm's long reign of 35 years preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age. Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: the north and west of Scotland remained under Scandinavian, Norse-Gael, and Gaelic rule, and the territories under the rule of the Kings of Scots did not extend much beyond the limits established by Malcolm II until the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a series of wars against the Kingdom of England, which may have had as its objective the conquest of the English earldom of Northumbria. These wars did not result in any significant advances southward. Malcolm's primary achievement was to continue a lineage that ruled Scotland for many years, although his role as founder of a dynasty has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David I and his descendants than with history. Malcolm's second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland, is Scotland's only royal saint. Malcolm himself had no reputation for piety; with the notable exception of Dunfermline Abbey in Fife he is not definitely associated with major religious establishments or ecclesiastical reforms. Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Malcolm and Ingibiorg 3 Malcolm and Margaret 4 Malcolm and William Rufus 5 Death 6 Issue 7 Depictions in fiction 8 Ancestry 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background Main article: Scotland in the High Middle Ages Malcolm's father Duncan I became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II, Duncan's maternal grandfather and Malcolm's great-grandfather. According to John of Fordun, whose account is the original source of part at least of William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Malcolm's mother was a niece of Siward, Earl of Northumbria, but an earlier king-list gives her the Gaelic name Suthen. Other sources claim that either a daughter or niece would have been too young to fit the timeline, thus the likely relative would have been Siward's own sister Sybil, which may have translated into Gaelic as Suthen. Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed by Macbeth on 15 August 1040. Although Shakespeare's Macbeth presents Malcolm as a grown man and his father as an old one, it appears that Duncan was still young in 1040, and Malcolm and his brother Donalbane were children. Malcolm's family did attempt to overthrow Macbeth in 1045, but Malcolm's grandfather Crínán of Dunkeld was killed in the attempt. Soon after the death of Duncan his two young sons were sent away for greater safety—exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm (then aged about nine) was sent to England, and his younger brother Donalbane was sent to the Isles. Based on Fordun's account, it was assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen-year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor. According to an alternative version, Malcolm's mother took both sons into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, an enemy of Macbeth's family, and perhaps Duncan's kinsman by marriage.[16] An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria in command, had as its goal the installation of one "Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians". This Máel Coluim has traditionally been identified with the later Malcolm III.[17] This interpretation derives from the Chronicle attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury.[18] The latter reported that Macbeth was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Macbeth outlived Siward by two years.[19] A. A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified "Máel Coluim" with the later Scottish king of the same name.[20] Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf.[21] It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of Owain Foel, British king of Strathclyde[22] perhaps by a daughter of Malcolm II, King of Scotland.[23] In 1057 various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.[24][25] Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who was crowned at Scone, probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery",[26] near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.[27] Malcolm and Ingibiorg Late medieval depiction of Malcolm with MacDuff, from an MS (Corpus Christi MS 171) of Walter Bower's Scotichronicon If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, one of Malcolm's earliest actions as king may have been to travel south to the court of Edward the Confessor in 1059 to arrange a marriage with Edward's kinswoman Margaret, who had arrived in England two years before from Hungary.[28] If he did visit the English court, he was the first reigning king of Scots to do so in more than eighty years. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, it was not kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1061 when Lindisfarne was plundered.[29] Equally, Malcolm's raids in Northumbria may have been related to the disputed "Kingdom of the Cumbrians", reestablished by Earl Siward in 1054, which was under Malcolm's control by 1070.[30] The Orkneyinga saga reports that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg, a daughter of Finn Arnesson.[31] Although Ingibiorg is generally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is possible that she died much earlier, around 1058.[32] The Orkneyinga Saga records that Malcolm and Ingibiorg had a son, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), who was later king.[33] Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury, claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the Meic Uilleim.[34] Malcolm's son Domnall, whose death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned by the author of the Orkneyinga Saga. He is assumed to have been born to Ingibiorg.[35] Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north and west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been another recommendation for the match.[36] Malcolm enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson. The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this is probably misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot, who became king of Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm's death.[37] Malcolm and Margaret Malcolm and Margaret as depicted in a 16th-century armorial. Anachronistically, Malcolm's surcoat is embroidered with the royal arms of Scotland, which probably did not come into use until the time of William the Lion. Margaret's kirtle displays the supposed arms of her great-uncle Edward the Confessor, which were in fact invented in the 13th century, though they were based on a design which appeared on coins from his reign Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out, Malcolm was not directly involved in the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge.[38] In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy, among them Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile, and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina. They were accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots.[39] In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines, wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth. There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with a large Danegeld, Malcolm took his army home. In reprisal, William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated.[40] Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By the end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret of Wessex, the future Saint Margaret of Scotland.[41] The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Margaret's sons—Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar and her brother, briefly the elected king, Edgar Ætheling—was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secure.[42] Whether the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great) and the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or was due to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon royal name—another Edmund had preceded Edgar—is not known.[43] Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters, Edith, who married Henry I of England, and Mary, who married Eustace III of Boulogne. In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position again secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malcolm met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar.[44] Accepting the overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, as previous kings had done so without result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with the English king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which led to further trouble in the earldom and the killing of Bishop William Walcher at Gateshead. In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcolm again made peace, and this time kept it for over a decade.[45] Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exception of Lulach's son Máel Snechtai. In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078: Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized the mother of Mælslæhtan [Máel Snechtai] ... and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped with difficulty.[46] Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085.[47] Malcolm and William Rufus William Rufus, "the Red", king of the English (1087–1100) When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malcolm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of Robert Curthose which followed. In 1091, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's lands in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marched south, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcastle, built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees. The threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy, where he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English followed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm was prepared to fight, but a peace was arranged by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again acknowledged the overlordship of the English king.[48] In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause. It is unlikely that Malcolm controlled Cumbria, and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malcolm by William Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visiting England. Malcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William Rufus agreed to a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester, stopping at Wilton Abbey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina. Malcolm arrived there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus refused to negotiate, insisting that the dispute be judged by the English barons. This Malcolm refused to accept, and returned immediately to Scotland.[49] It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war,[50] but, as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came: For this reason therefore they parted with great dissatisfaction, and the King Malcolm returned to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he gathered his army, and came harrowing into England with more hostility than behoved him ....[51] Malcolm was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probable heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar.[52] Even by the standards of the time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh.[53] Death Memorial cross said to mark the spot where King Malcolm III of Scotland was killed while besieging Alnwick Castle in 1093. While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Castle. The conflict became known as the Battle of Alnwick.[54] Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths from Edgar.[55] The Annals of Ulster say: Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French [i.e. Normans] in Inber Alda in England. His queen, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days.[56] Malcolm's body was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial. The king's body was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander, at Dunfermline Abbey, or possibly Iona.[57] On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV, Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary. Tradition has it that as the reliquary was carried to the high altar of Dunfermline Abbey, past Malcolm's grave, it became too heavy to move. As a result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred, and buried next to Margaret beside the altar.[58] Issue Malcolm and Ingibiorg had three sons: Duncan II of Scotland, succeeded his father as King of Scotland Donald, died ca.1094 Malcolm, died ca.1085 Malcolm and Margaret had eight children, six sons and two daughters: Edward, killed 1093 Edmund of Scotland Ethelred, abbot of Dunkeld King Edgar of Scotland King Alexander I of Scotland King David I of Scotland Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England Mary of Scotland, married Eustace III of Boulogne Depictions in fiction Malcolm appears in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth as Malcolm. He is the son of King Duncan and heir to the throne. He first appears in the second scene where he is talking to a sergeant, with Duncan. The sergeant tells them how the battle was won thanks to Macbeth. Then Ross comes and Duncan decides that Macbeth should take the title of Thane of Cawdor. Then he later appears in Act 1.4 talking about the execution of the former Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth then enters and they congratulate him on his victory. He later appears in Macbeth’s castle as a guest. When his father is killed he is suspected of the murder so he escapes to England. He later makes an appearance in Act 4.3, where he talks to Macduff about Macbeth and what to do. They both decide to start a war against him. In Act 5.4 he is seen in Dunsinane getting ready for war. He orders the troops to hide behind branches and slowly advance towards the castle. In Act 5.8 he watches the battle against Macbeth and Macduff with Siward and Ross. When eventually Macbeth is killed, Malcolm takes over as king. The married life of Malcolm III and Margaret has been the subject of two historical novels: A Goodly Pearl (1905) by Mary H. Debenham, and Malcolm Canmore's Pearl (1907) by Agnes Grant Hay. Both focus on court life in Dunfermline, and the Margaret helping introduce Anglo-Saxon culture in Scotland. The latter novel covers events to 1093, ending with Malcolm's death.[59][60] Canmore appears in the third and fourth episodes of the four-part series "City of Stone" in Disney's Gargoyles, as an antagonist of Macbeth. After witnessing his father Duncan's death, the young Canmore swears revenge on both Macbeth and his gargoyle ally, Demona. After reaching adulthood, he overthrows Macbeth with English allies. Canmore is also the ancestor of the Hunters, a family of vigilantes who hunt Demona through the centuries. Canmore was voiced in the series by J.D. Daniels as a boy and Neil Dickson as an adult. In The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II, Malcolm appears as the anti-hero of this 2009-written (by Noah Lukeman), and historically very inaccurate, successor-play. Malcom, who has succeeded from MacBeth, and ruled well for ten years, is led by the witches down MacBeth's path to perdition—killing his brother Donalbain as well as MacDuff before finally being killed by Fleance (supposedly the ancestor of Stuart king James). | of Scotland, Malcolm III (I25449)
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| 4330 | Malcolm McQuaig’s father’s name was Henry McQuaig, he was born in the Highlands of Scotland near the coast. His father was well off, was a farmer, and had houses rented too, and had nice ponies and brought some of them over to Ireland to his son Henry, as Henry moved over to Ireland when he was quite young and Henry was a farmer in Ireland, besides Malcolm; Henry had a son John and a daughter whose name was Catherine, and when Malcolm came to Canada two of his sons Robert and Henry stayed in Ireland for three years after with their Uncle John and Aunt Catherine who never married and lived on the old home place of their father’s, that is of Henry’s. Then in 1850 Malcolm’s two sons Henry and Robert crossed the ocean to Canada too. The grandfather Henry’s wife’s maiden name ws McCauley. [1 - 2] Repository : Public Record Office for Northern Ireland PRONI Reference : D668/R/40/6 Level : Item Access : Open Title : Lease for 7 yrs, life of Right Rev. Nathaniel ... Dates : 1 February 1822 Description : Lease for 7 yrs, life of Right Rev. Nathaniel Lord Bishop of Down and Connor at rent of £15.16. 0 per year, concerning Rt Hon. Wm Lord Beresford, Sir George Fitzgerald Hill, Sir John Poe Beresford and Henry McQuig, Culcrow, Agivey, and relating to land at Culcrow, 4 acres 1 rood 30 perches and at Clomback (GLENBACK??), 9 acres 2 roods. In the 1831 Irish Census there was a Henry Quigg in Bovagh Townland, Agahdowey, Londonderry, Northern Ireland with a family of 6 males and 2 females. Also in the 1831 Irish Census there is a Henry Quigg living in Culcrow Townland, Agivey, Londonderry, Northern Ireland with a family of 4 males and 3 females. When Henry died is the question. James Malcolm left home in 1847 for Canada and left behind his two sons in the care of his brother, John, and sister, Catherine, in the home of his father. In 1850, John marries and his two oldest sons join him in Canada. There I am going to presume from the family history that Henry died in 1847. | McQuigg, Henry (I6296)
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| 4331 | Malcolm McQuigg present at death. | McQuigg, Nancy (I35310)
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| 4332 | Malcolm was born in 1804 as confirmed by multiple sources. The place has always been iffy ranging from Scotland to all over Northern Ireland. In Maria Grant’s Manuscript “A Brief Sketch of the Life of Maria Amelia McQuaig” she recounts details about her husband, father-in-law, and other McQuigg ancestors. Henry McQuaig’s father’s name was Malcolm; he was of Scotch descent, but born in Ireland, County Derry, Parish of Asha Dewy, town of Colrain. In religion a Presyterian, the old Kirk. His traid a linen weaver, until he crossed the ocean and came to Canada, he landed at Quebec in the year 1847. He came on to the the farm above Winchester Springs which he bought, and where he spent the remainder of his days, and was a farmer in this country. Malcolm’s wife’s maiden name was Jane Brown. To them were born six sons, and five daughters Elizabeth ,Mary, Jane, Sarah, Margaret, Robert, Henry, James, John, William and Thomas. These children were all born in Ireland, and Robert and Henry remained three years in Ireland after the rest came to Canada. Sometime between 1824-1825, Malcolm was know to have attended collage at the Belfast Royal Institute. After three semester he did not receive his General Degree. In 1826 Malcolm was head master at private school in Droghed. He was paid between 25 and 30 pounds per year teaching in a brick and stone schoolhouse that cost 100 pounds. At the time of his marriage in 1832 he was a grower and spinner of flax in Culcorw Townland. On 01 Sep 1836 he sent a letter to his college, “The Belfast Royal Institute”, requesting assistance in obtaining an excise tax position in Northern Ireland. See Media In 1847 he left for Canada Individuals: Cook, Lynne, Full date of birth. Individuals: McQuigg, Betty, Has year of birth as 1804. McQuid; Malcolm; ; Coleraine McQuid; Jane; ; Coleraine McQuid; Mary; 9; Coleraine McQuid; Jane; 7; Coleraine McQuid; Elizabeth; 2; Coleraine McQuid; John; 3m; Coleraine [2 - 2] Repository : Public Record Office for Northern Ireland PRONI Reference : D2892/1/1 Level : Item Access : Open - On-Site Only Title : Passenger book - Londonderry to Philadelphia,... Dates : February 1847-1849 Description : Passenger book - Londonderry to Philadelphia, New Orleans, Quebec and St. John [277 pages]. See end of list for transcript. [Microfilm copies available under MIC13/Reels 2 and 5]. Malcolm and Jane McQuig, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry and children Mary 9 years, Jane 7, Elizabeth 2 and John 9 months [Booking cancelled for Robert 13 years and Henry 11] This is the first that I have learned about the bookings being cancelled for the elder sons. They were booked several years later. Robert and Henry McQuig, Coleraine In 1881 he was living with his son, Thomas Peter in Matilda Township, Dundas, Ontario, Canada. | McQuaig, James MALCOLM (I3246)
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| 4333 | Malusha History: housekeeper to Grand Princess Olga after becoming pregnant by her son, Svyatoslav https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Малуша Malusha From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Malusha Malkovna[1][2] (Old Ruthenian: Малушa) was allegedly a servant (kholopka) for Olga of Kiev and concubine of Sviatoslav I of Kiev. According to Slavonic chronicles, she was the mother of Vladimir the Great and sister of Dobrynya. The Norse sagas describe Vladimir's mother as a prophetess who lived to the age of 100 and was brought from her cave to the palace to predict the future. There are monuments of Malusha with her young son, Vladimir, in Korosten, Ukraine. Origin[ As the chronicles are silent on the subject of Malusha's pedigree, 19th-century Russian and Ukrainian historians devised various theories to explain her parentage and name. Malusha Malkovna is said to be the daughter of Malk of Lyubech, prince of the Drevlians.[3][4] The same one that wanted to marry Olga of Kiev after she became a widow.[5] However historian Leo Loewenson rebutted that Malk was not Drevlian nor a prince, pointing out that the Primary Chronicle only mentions his name as 'Malk Lyubechinin' or 'Malk of Lyubech' and that there "there is not the faintest indication that Malyusha's father was a prince". Loewenson further notes that Lyubech "was a town of the Severians not the Drevlians".[6]Soviet-Israeli historian Savely Dudakov stated that due to having a Jewish name and with Lyubech being a part of pre-Christian Rus at the time, Malk should be considered either a Jew or a Khazar-Judaist in the historical context.[7] Primary Chronicle records that a certain Malusha died in 1000. This record follows that of Rogneda's death. Since Rogneda was Vladimir's wife, historians assume that Malusha was another close relative of the ruling prince, preferably his wife or mother. The anti-Normanist historian Dmitry Ilovaisky managed to draw an opposite conclusion: that the Slavic name Malusha was turned into a Scandinavian Malfried. This claim received no wider support. | of Lyubech, Malusha Malkovna (I34393)
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| 4334 | Manfred I (died 1175) was the founder and first ruler of the marquisate of Saluzzo from 1142 until his death. Manfred was the eldest of seven sons of Bonifacio del Vasto, the ruler of scattered holdings between Savona and the Tanaro. He is first recorded in a document of 1123. After Bonifacio's death in 1125, his lands were ruled jointly by the brothers, but in 1142 they divided them up. Manfred took most of the lands between the Alps, the Po and the Stura. His new lordship was larger than his brother's and better positioned to become a true principality. It only came to be known as the marquisate of Saluzzo after his death. In his own life he used the title of marquis without a territorial designation, or else "marquis of Vasto" (Latin marchio de Vasto). He made his the strategically important castle of Saluzzo in the centre of his domain his seat. In 1127, Manfred founded the monastery of Staffarda. He was an ally of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, recognizing him as his suzerain and trying to maintain peace between him and the Lombard cities. Four diploma attest to his periodic attendance at Barbarossa's court at Milan (1161), Turin (1162) and Rimini (1167). Manfred married Eleonora, the daughter of Judge Gonario II of Arborea. He was succeeded by his son Manfred II. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_I_of_Saluzzo | de Saluzzo, Manfred I (I35538)
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| 4335 | Manfred II (1140–1215) was the second marquess of Saluzzo from his father's death in 1175 to his own. He was the son of Manfred I and Eleanor. He placed the capital of the margravate definitively in Saluzzo. He married Azalaïs of Montferrat before 1182, forming an alliance with one of the most powerful dynasties in northern Italy. Manfred expanded the march and fought against the expansionism of the neighboring Counts of Savoy. After several minor skirmishes, the two principalities came to terms in 1213 and peace was established for the final two years of his life. Since his eldest son Boniface had predeceased him in 1212, he was succeeded by his grandson, Manfred III, under the regency of Azalaïs. She had to pay tribute on behalf of young Manfred, and for the next century, Saluzzo was a vassal of Savoy. Manfred and Azalais had: . Agnes, married Comita III of Torres . Boniface (the heir, who predeceased his father), married Maria di Torres, daughter of aforementioned Comita.[ambiguous] They were the parents of Manfred II's successor, Manfredo III of Saluzzo . Margaret, married Geoffrey de Salvaing . María, married Marquis William II of Ceva . Thomas. He also fathered an illegitimate son, Bastardino. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_II_of_Saluzzo | de Salluzo, Manfredo II (I35532)
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| 4336 | Manfred III (died 1244) was the third Marquess of Saluzzo, from 1215 to his death. He was the son of Boniface of Saluzzo and Maria di Torres of Sassari (in Sardinia). Since his father died in 1212, he succeeded his grandfather Manfred II as marquess on the latter's death in 1215. His paternal grandmother Azalaïs or Adelasia of Montferrat was regent during his minority until 1218.[1] During that period, his grandmother paid tribute to Count Thomas I of Savoy.[2] Manfred fought the expansionistic policies of Thomas, as had his father, and he defended the borders of his march with care. He died in 1244 and was succeeded by his son Thomas. He married in March 1233 to Beatrice, daughter of Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy.[3] The couple had the following children: Alésia (c. 1236 – before 12 Jul 1311); married Edmund de Lacy, Baron of Pontefract and had issue Thomas I, Marquess of Saluzzo (1239–1296);[3] succeeded Manfred as Marquess of Saluzzo. Agnes (1245 – after 4 August 1265); born posthumously, married John, son of Eustace de Vesci, no issue. Margaret (born 1245); born posthumously, twin of Agnes. | de Saluzzo, Marquess Manfredi III (I25587)
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| 4337 | Mann Farm | Mann, George Frederick (I4978)
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| 4338 | Many Out-of-Town People to Back Rites Among the out-of-town relatives who attended the funeral of Terrance J. Back yesterday at the Evangelical Church at 2 o'clock were: Mr. and Mrs. Henry F. Back of Leavenworth, Kans.; Mr. and Mrs. Paul Gilman, St Louis; Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Deck and son, Bill, Sedalia; Mr. and Mrs. Joe Keithley, Kansas City, Mo.; Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Weaver, Kansas City, Kans.; Mr. and Mrs. William Deck Pilot Grove; Mrs. Howard McGuire, Columbia; and Mrs. Elmer Cartner, of near Speed. | Back, Terrance Jacob (I12262)
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| 4339 | Maple Vale Cemetery, Smiths Falls, South Elmsley Twp., Leeds County, Ontario, Canada - Cemetery Book entry A126. | McQuaig, Ina Gertrude (I26671)
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| 4340 | At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. | Sexton, MARCIE Grace (I12886)
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| 4341 | Marcus Antonius Creticus (flourished 1st century BC) was a Roman politician, member of the Antonius family. Creticus was son of Marcus Antonius Orator and, by his marriage to Julia Antonia, he had three sons: Triumvir Marcus Antonius, Gaius Antonius and Lucius Antonius. He was elected praetor in 74 BC and received an extraordinary commission, similar to that bestowed upon triumvir Pompey by the Gabinian law 7 years later in 67 BC, and that conveyed on his father three decades before in 102 BC, to clear the Mediterranean Sea of the threat of piracy, and thereby assist the operations against King Mithridates VI of Pontus. Creticus not only failed in the task, but plundered the provinces he was supposed to protect from robbery. He attacked the Cretans, who had made an alliance with the pirates, but was totally defeated, most of his ships being sunk. Diodorus Siculus states that he only saved himself by a disgraceful treaty. As a result of this defeat he was mockingly given the byname Creticus, which means "conqueror of Crete", and also "man made of chalk", when translated from Latin. He died soon afterwards (72 BC -71 BC) in Crete. Most authorities are agreed as to his avarice and incompetence, but the biographer Plutarch describes him as a friendly, honest and generous man. -- Wikiwand: Marcus Antonius Creticus | Marcus Antonius Creticus Octavia II (I34091)
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| 4342 | Marcus Antonius was a Roman politician of the Antonius family and one of the most distinguished Roman orators of his time. He was also the grandfather of the famous general and triumvir, Mark Antony. He started his cursus honorum as quaestor in 113 BC and in 102 BC he was elected praetor with proconsular powers for the province of Cilicia. During his term, he fought the pirates with such success that the Senate voted a naval triumph in his honor. He was then elected consul in 99 BC, together with Aulus Postumius Albinus, and in 97 BC, he was elected censor. He held a command in the Social War in 90 BC. During the civil war between Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Antonius supported the latter. This cost him his life; Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna executed him when they obtained possession of Rome in 87 BC. Throughout his political career, he continued to appear as a mediative defender or an accuser in Roman courts of law. Antonius' modern reputation for eloquence derives from the authority of Cicero, since none of his speeches survive. He is one of the chief speakers in Cicero's "De Oratore." In 100 BC, Marcus Antonius obtained a triumph, because he had fought successfully against the Cilician pirates. Some time later his daughter Antonia was kidnapped by pirates from his villa near Misenum and was only released after the payment of a large ransom. -- Wikiwand: Marcus Antonius (orator) | Marcus Antonius (I34093)
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| 4343 | Marcus Atius Balbus (105 – 51 BC) was a 1st-century BC Roman who served as a praetor in 62 BC, he was a cousin of the general Pompey on his mother's side and a brother-in-law of the Dictator Julius Caesar through his marriage to Caesar's sister Julia Minor. Through Julia he became the maternal grandfather of Augustus the first Roman Emperor. Balbus was born and raised in Aricia into a political family and was the son and heir of the elder Marcus Atius Balbus (148 – 87 BC). His mother was Pompeia, the sister to consul Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, father of Pompey Magnus, a member of the First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Marcus Licinius Crassus. The family of the elder Balbus came from a Roman senatorial family of plebs status from Aricia (modern Ariccia, Italy). "Balbus" in Latin means stammer. During the consulship of Julius Caesar in 59 BC, Balbus was appointed along with Pompey to a board of commissioners under a Julian Law to divide estates in Campania among the commoners. Cicero stated that Pompey would say as a joke about Balbus, that he was not a person of any importance. He married Julia Minor, the younger of the two elder sisters of the dictator Julius Caesar. Julia bore him two or more daughters and possibly a son.[1] One of the daughters married Gaius Octavius and became the mother of Octavia Minor (fourth wife of triumvir Mark Antony) and of the first Roman emperor Augustus. A younger daughter married Lucius Marcius Philippus and became the mother of Marcia.[2] Another Atia who was married to a Gaius Junius Silanus is attested.[3][4] This Atia may have been another daughter of Balbus and Julia or a granddaughter. Ronald Syme also speculated that this Atia may have been a daughter of Balbus by another wife named Claudia.[5] Balbus died in 51 BC. | Marcus Atius Balbus (I34055)
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| 4344 | Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus (born no later than 93 BC[1] - died 42 BC) was a senator of the Roman Republic. He was born with the name Appius Claudius Pulcher, into the patrician family of the Claudii. According to Suetonius, Drusus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus. He was descended from Caecus via the first Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 212 BC and Caecus's great-grandson. His daughter Livia became the wife of the first Roman Emperor Augustus, and he was a direct ancestor of the Julio-Claudian emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero not through this marriage, which produced no children, but through Livia's first marriage. Biography Background As a Pulchri, Claudianus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus through his son Publius Claudius Pulcher. Claudianus descended via the first Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 212 BC and Publius Claudius Pulcher's son or grandson. Antiquarian Bartolomeo Borghesi suggested that his biological father could have been either Appius Claudius Pulcher (military tribune in the year 87 BC) or the Gaius Claudius Pulcher (legate or preator in 73 BC); both of these men were sons of Gaius Claudius Pulcher (consul in 130 BC).[2] Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul of 79 BC); and Gaius Claudius Pulcher (the consul of 92 BC), have been postulated by Ronald Syme.[3][a] Susan Treggiari has speculated that his mother might have been a sister of Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, this explaining his adoption by Drusus,[5] since Drusus had at least two other nephews whom he chose Claudianus over.[b] Adopted fathers and sons were often closely related[8] and adoption of a sororal nephew was especially common in Rome.[9][10] Early life Little is known about the circumstances leading to Claudianus's adoption by Marcus Livius Drusus.[3] He was unusually young at the time of adoption (likely a small child, if not an infant),[11][c] as most other adoption in ancient Rome happened with the adoptee as adults. In accordance with convention, his name was changed from Appius Claudius Pulcher to Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, in honour of his adoptive father.[12] Drusus may have been married to a Servilia at the time, whom would have been Claudianus adoptive mother.[13] Since the death of his adopted father's sister Livia Drusa, he was likely raised together with her children Servilia Major, Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, Servilia Minor, Porcia and Cato in Drusus's household.[14] Drusus was assassinated in 91 BC[15] and Claudianus presumably inherited all his immense wealth.[1] Career Claudianus was praetor of Rome in 50 BC and presided over a court case brought under the Lex Scantinia. Caelius, writing to Cicero, seems to find the situation ironic.[16] In 45 BC, Cicero had purchased gardens owned by Claudianus in Rome. Claudianus was a supporter of the Roman Republic and was among those who opposed the rule and dictatorship of Julius Caesar, assassinated in 44 BC by Brutus and Cassius. In 42 BC, Claudianus arranged for his daughter Livia Drusilla to marry his kinsman Tiberius Claudius Nero, who became the parents of future Roman Emperor Tiberius and the general Nero Claudius Drusus. Through this second grandson, Claudianus was a direct ancestor to the Roman Emperors Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. Death Claudianus became a supporter of Brutus and Cassius and joined them in the war against Octavian and Mark Antony. The decision would have serious consequences for him and for Livia's family. He fought alongside Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. When Brutus and Cassius were defeated, they committed suicide. Claudianus killed himself in his tent to avoid being captured alive by the victors. Family Claudianus married a woman of plebeian status called Alfidia. They had at least one child: a daughter Livia Drusilla (58 BC–29). The usage of the nickname "Drusilla" might imply that she had an older sister.[17] Claudianus relatively advanced age at the time of his marriage to Alfidia could indicate that he had been married before.[1] It is also probable that he had a biological son named Gaius Livius Drusus who had two daughters named Livia Pulchra[18] and Livia Livilla. This son may have died in battle after the assassination of Julius Caesar, or been proscribed and killed by the Second Triumvirate.[19] He also adopted as his son Marcus Livius Drusus Libo.[20][21] This was likely a testamentary adoption. Adoptions of that sort was mostly carried out because a man lacked legitimate sons who could carry on their name and estate,[22] perhaps implying that if Claudianus had ever had a son, he was likely dead before his father wrote his will.[d] | Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus (I34101)
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| 4345 | Marcus Sergius or Servius Octavius Laenas Pontianus was a Roman politician of the early second century. He served as consul in AD 131, alongside Marcus Antonius Rufinus, during the reign of Hadrian. ReferencesName[edit] Pontianus is not mentioned in ancient writers, and although his name occurs in a number of inscriptions, his precise nomenclature is uncertain. His praenomen is given as Marcus in an inscription from Samothrace,[1] but in all other inscriptions he is either Servius or Sergius. Servius could be either a praenomen or a nomen gentilicium; both were widespread, but not particularly common. The gentile name Sergius was better known, and frequently substituted for Servius in inscriptions; this may explain why several inscriptions record Pontianus' name using the standard abbreviation for Servius,[2] while in others it was apparently written Sergius.[3][4] However, the abbreviation could be used for the gentile name Servius as well as the praenomen; and further complicating matters, in imperial times it was not uncommon for members of the Roman aristocracy to possess part or all of two or more complete nomenclatures.[5] Thus, it is entirely possible for Pontianus to have been named Marcus Sergius Octavius, Marcus Servius Octavius, Sergius Octavius, or Servius Octavius, in which Marcus, Servius, or both could be praenomina. A small amount of epigraphic evidence weighs in favour of Sergius in connection with the Octavia gens, which regularly used the praenomen Marcus, but not Servius. A second-century inscription from Vienna in Gallia Narbonensis mentions a Marcus Sergius Octavius, who dedicated a grave for his mother, Vennonia Iarilla; but given the location and his mother's name, it is doubtful whether he is the same man.[6] An undated inscription from Rome mentions a boy, Sergius Octavius Caricus, buried by his father, who is not named.[7] But perhaps the best indication of whether Pontianus inherited the name Servius or Sergius comes from the tomb of Nerva's mother, apparently Pontianus' great-aunt: according to the inscription, her name was "Sergia Plautilla", and she was the daughter of a Laenas, Pontianus' proavus.[8] Descent[edit] Pontianus was probably born in the late first century to an otherwise unknown Octavius Laenas; the surname Pontianus suggests that his mother may have been named Pontia. Because so little is known of his life, his historical significance is based less on his consulship, which seems to have been uneventful, and more on his descent from Tiberius, and his relationship to Nerva.[9] Besides the inscriptions mentioning his consulship, Pontianus had a monument built at Tusculum in memory of his grandmother, Rubellia Bassa, the daughter of Gaius Rubellius Blandus and Julia.[10] Rubellia's father was from a rather obscure family, but he had been consul in AD 18. Her mother, Julia, was the daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar, the natural son of Tiberius, and Livilla, a grandniece of Augustus. Few of Pontianus' contemporaries could have claimed descent from the Julio-Claudian Dynasty. One possible exception was Sergius Rubellius Plautus, whose name has been found on a lead pipe at Rome;[11] he may have been a son of Blandus and Julia, or perhaps another relative.[12] In the paternal line, Pontianus was related to the emperor Nerva. The emperor's mother, Sergia Plautilla, was a sister of Gaius Octavius Laenas, consul in AD 33, and the husband of Rubellia Bassa, making Pontianus the emperor's first cousin once removed.[9][13] Career[edit] Pontianus was consul for the first four months of AD 131, alongside Marcus Antonius Rufinus, about midway through the reign of Hadrian. The emperor was away from Rome, visiting Egypt during their consulship, which seems to have been uneventful. Although the consulship remained the chief executive magistracy, under the authority of the emperors, much of its significance—and the reason why several different pairs of consuls shared the office each year—was to prepare able administrators to hold provincial governorships and other important positions throughout the empire. But while Pontianus probably held a variety of magistracies and other appointments before and after the consulship, none of the inscriptions mentioning him give any details of his career, except that he seems to have been a member of the College of Pontiffs.[14] | Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontiannus (I34038)
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| 4346 | Maredudd ap Bleddyn (1047 – 9 February 1132) was a prince and later King of Powys in eastern Wales. Maredudd was the son of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn who was King of both Powys and Gwynedd. When Bleddyn was killed in 1075, Powys was divided between three of his sons, Iorwerth, Cadwgan and Maredudd. Marriages and children Maredudd married first Hunydd ferch Einudd, who bore him two sons, Madog ap Maredudd and Gruffydd ap Maredudd. He later had a relationship with Cristin ferch Bledrus, who gave him two illegitimate sons, Hywel ap Maredudd and Iorwerth Goch ap Maredudd. Life Maredudd initially appears to have been the least powerful and the least mentioned in the chronicles. The three brothers held their lands as vassals of Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury. In 1102 the Earl was summoned to answer charges at the court of King Henry I of England and responded by rising in rebellion against the king. All three brothers initially supported Robert and took up arms on his behalf, pillaging Staffordshire. The king deputed William Pantulf, Lord of Wem, to detach Iorwerth, who was considered to be the most powerful of the three brothers, from his alliance with Robert and his own brothers by the promise of large gifts of land. William succeeded in this, and Iorwerth, after leading a large Welsh force to help the king defeat and banish Earl Robert, then captured his brother Maredudd and handed him over to the king. Maredudd escaped from captivity in 1107 but did not gain any real power. In 1113 he was apparently acting as penteulu or captain of the guard to his nephew, Owain ap Cadwgan who had taken over as prince of Powys. In this capacity in 1113 Maredudd was able to capture Madog ap Rhiryd, who had killed two of his brothers, Iorwerth and Cadwgan in 1111. Maredudd sent him to Owain, who took vengeance for the killing of his father by blinding Madog. In 1114 when King Henry I of England invaded Wales, Maredudd quickly made his peace with him, while Owain allied himself with Gruffudd ap Cynan of Gwynedd to oppose the invasion. It was not until Owain was killed in 1116 that Maredudd began to strengthen his position and became ruler of Powys. In 1116 he is recorded as sending 400 men to help Hywel ab Ithel, who ruled Rhos and Rhufoniog under the protection of Powys, against his neighbours, the sons of Owain ab Edwin of Dyffryn Clwyd. Hywel won a victory at the Battle of Maes Maen Cymro in 1118, near Ruthin, but received wounds of which he died six weeks later. This enabled the sons of Gruffudd ap Cynan to annex these lands for Gwynedd, with Maredudd unable to prevent them. In 1121 Maredudd carried out raids on Cheshire which provoked King Henry into invading Powys. Maredudd retreated into Snowdonia and asked Gruffudd ap Cynan for assistance. However Gruffudd was in no mood to defy the king on Maredudd's behalf, and Maredudd had to purchase peace at a cost of a fine of 10,000 head of cattle. Gwynedd continued to put pressure on Powys, with the sons of Gruffudd ap Cynan, Cadwallon and Owain Gwynedd annexing more territory in 1124. Cadwallon was killed in a battle with the men of Powys near Llangollen in 1132 which put a halt to further encroachment for the time being. Maredudd did not take part in this battle and died the same year, remembered by the annalist of Brut y Tywysogion as the beauty and safety of all Powys and her defender. He was succeeded by his son, Madog ap Maredudd. | ap Bleddyn, King Maredudd (I26355)
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| 4347 | Margaret Audley Luttrell | Touchet, Lady Marion Margaret (I28345)
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| 4348 | Margaret de Fiennes (after 1269 – 7 February 1333), was a French noblewoman who married an English marcher lord, Edmund Mortimer, of Wigmore, and was mother of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March. Origins She was a daughter of Guillaume II de Fiennes (died 1302) and his wife Blanche, the daughter of Jean de Brienne (died 1296), Grand Butler of France, and his first wife Jeanne de Châteaudun (his second marriage was to Marie de Coucy, widow of King Alexander II of Scotland). Her grandfather Jean was the third son of John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem and Emperor of Constantinople, and his third wife Berengaria of León, which made Margaret a cousin of Queen Eleanor of Castile. Her paternal grandparents were Enguerrand II de Fiennes and Isabel de Condé. Her brother Jean (died 1340) married Isabel, daughter of Guy de Dampierre, Count of Flanders and his second wife Isabel of Luxembourg. Life In September 1285, when she was fourteen or fifteen years old, Margaret married Edmund Mortimer, the second son of Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer and his wife Maud de Briouze. He had succeeded to his father's lands and barony in 1282 and was already a national hero after killing Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, his cousin, in battle. They had eight known children. Her husband died in 1304 and she lived until 1333, probably being buried in Wigmore Abbey. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Fiennes,_Baroness_Mortimer | de Fiennes, Margaret (I35639)
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| 4349 | Margaret Kellet, eventual heir d/o Adam Kellet & Miss Clifford b- by 1222 - Over Kellet - Lancashire, England m- Before 1241 - Thurstan Holland d- 1285 - Upholland, Lancashire, England | de Kellet, Margaret Maud (I31369)
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| 4350 | Margaret Kennedy of Girvanmainly MP Birth: circa 1535 Galloway, Scotland Managed by: Justin Swanström Daughter of Sir Hugh Kennedy of Girvanmains, Knight and Janet Stewart, Countess Dowager of Sutherland Wife of Uchtred MacDowall of Garthland Mother of Uchtred MacDowall of Garthland; John MacDowell; Cathrine MacDowall of Garthland and Thomas MacDowall Sister of Barbara Kennedy Half sister of John Gordon, 11th Earl of Sutherland; Janet Gordon-Sutherland; Beatrice Gordon-Sutherland; William Gordon-Sutherland; Alexander Gordon and 4 others | Kennedy, Lady Margaret (I26981)
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