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4251 Living in 1900 in Arapahoe County, Colorado Labbo, Frank (I8048)
 
4252 At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. Knettle, Arthur Harwood (I6490)
 
4253 Living in Brecksville, Ohio in 2007 Bechtold, Virginia Anne (I14833)
 
4254 Living in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma in 2007 Bechtold, Ellen Katherine (I13099)
 
4255 Living in Cuba, Missouri in 1964. Known to have an at least one child, a dead infant. Petzhold, Anna Celica (I8780)
 
4256 Living in Early, Sac County, Iowa in 1885 Duckett, Frank (I823)
 
4257 Living in Grandview, Missouri in 2007 Bechtold, Alice Marie (I6660)
 
4258 Living in Hudson, Wisconsin in 2007 Bechtold, Fred (I20272)
 
4259 Living in Idaho Falls, Idaho in 2007 Bechtold, Tom (I5854)
 
4260 Living in Kansas City in 1890 Brommer, Harry E (I172)
 
4261 Living in leawood, Kansas in 2007 Bechtold, Mary Jean (I437)
 
4262 Living in Omaha, Nebraska in 2010 Bechtold, Karen (I17538)
 
4263 Living in Portland, Oregon in 2007 Bechtold, Marcia (I3131)
 
4264 Living in Raytown, Missouri in 2007 Bechtold, Dorothy Mabel (I22046)
 
4265 Living in Schney bei Lichtenfels, Bavaria in 1838. Was not married at the time. Barth, Christian (I50)
 
4266 Living in Seattle in 2007 Bechtold, Scott (I13066)
 
4267 Living in Sedalia, Missouri Schupp, Elliott P (I22731)
 
4268 Living in Sedalia, Missouri in 1919 Jaeger, Hugo Alvin (I19461)
 
4269 Living in St Louis, St Louis County, Missouri in 1930 Quint, Ernest David (I17391)
 
4270 Living in Tacoma, Washington in 2010 with wife, Geraldine Bechtold, Kevin (I10330)
 
4271 Living in Texas per Reba Young on 7 Jun 1992. Young, Lettie Lucy (I24307)
 
4272 Living in the state of Washington in 1919. Jaeger, Otto Henry (I5048)
 
4273 Living near Uvilla, West Virginia between Shepherdstown and Martinsburg. Buckles, Robert Sr (I26321)
 
4274 Living with brother and working for B. G. Lance in Howard County, Missouri in 1870 Simmons, William M (I2064)
 
4275 Living with brother Fred and his wife, Adelia, in 1930 Rosburg, Rose Marie (I15841)
 
4276 Living with brother, Ernest, in 1910 and 1920 on Morgan Street in Boonville. Back, Maria Amelia (I7788)
 
4277 Living with Peter Knedgen Knedgen, Marie Anna (I32527)
 
4278 Living with sister and brother-in-law in 1880 census.
German spelling of last name, often used in Missouri, is Kirsch 		Cash, Louisa (I14350)
 
4279 Living with sister and brother-in-law in 1880 census.
German spelling of last name, often used in Missouri, is Kirsch. 		Cash, Rudolph (I17080)
 
4280 Living with sister, Emma in 1910 and 1920 on Morgan Street in Boonville. Died of Valvular heart disease; died at the Knights of Pythias Hall in Boonville. Back, Ernest Anton (I20458)
 
4281 Llugdunum, Gaul, Roman Empire Claudia Livia Julia (I34047)
 
4282 Llywelyn ap Seisyll (died 1023) was an 11th-century King of Gwynedd, Powys and Deheubarth.

Llywelyn was the son of Seisyll, a man of whom little is known. Llewelyn first appears on record in 1018, that year he defeated and killed Aeddan ap Blegywryd along with four of his sons and obtained Gwynedd and Powys.

In 1022, a man named Rhain the Irishman was made king of Deheubarth, he claimed to be a son of Maredudd ab Owain, whose daughter Angharad had married Llywelyn. Llywelyn made war against Rhain, they fought a battle at Abergwili, and after a “slaughter on both sides” Rhain was killed allowing Llywelyn take control of Deheubarth.

Llywelyn, after his success against Rhain, died in 1023. The Brut y Tywysogion portrays Llywelyn’s reign as one of prosperity saying “complete in abundance of wealth and inhabitants; so that it was supposed there was neither poor nor destitute in all his territories, nor an empty hamlet, nor any deficiency.” Llywelyn was called "King of the Britons" by the Annals of Ulster.

Llywelyn had one son called Gruffydd; he did not succeed his father, possibly because he was too young to do so. Gruffydd went on to become the first and only true King of Wales (the only one to rule over all the territory), however he was killed by his own men in 1063. Gruffydd’s own sons Maredudd and Idwal died in 1069, fighting at the Battle of Mechain.

As Llewelyn's grandfather is not known some scholars have said it was a man named Ednowain or Owain others Rhodri. Yet a more likely proposition is that Llewelyn was a nephew to King Cadell ap Brochwel of Powys, son of his younger brother Seisyll and that he did not acquire Powys by conquest but hereditary right and then conquered Gwynedd from Aeddan son of Blegywryd. 		ap Seisyll, King Llewelyn (I33467)
 
4283 Llywelyn Fawr
Prince of Gwynedd, and Powys Wenwynwyn
Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon
Prince of Gwynedd Reign 1195–1240

Predecessor Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd
Successor Dafydd ap Llywelyn
Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn Reign 1216–1240
Predecessor Gwenwynwyn ab Owain
Successor Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn

Born c. 1173 Dolwyddelan
Died 11 April 1240 Cistercian, Aberconwy Abbey, Wales
Burial Aberconwy Abbey, Wales
Spouse Joan, Lady of Wales
Issue
Dafydd ap Llywelyn
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
Elen ferch Llywelyn
Gwladus Ddu
Marared ferch Llywelyn
Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn

Llywelyn the Great
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Llywelyn the Great (Welsh: Llywelyn Fawr, [ɬəˈwɛlɪn vaʊ̯r]), full name Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, (c. 1172 – 11 April 1240) was a Prince of Gwynedd in north Wales and eventually de facto ruler over most of Wales. By a combination of war and diplomacy he dominated Wales for 45 years. During Llywelyn's boyhood, Gwynedd was ruled by two of his uncles, who split the kingdom between them, following the death of Llywelyn's grandfather, Owain Gwynedd, in 1170. Llywelyn had a strong claim to be the legitimate ruler and began a campaign to win power at an early age. He was sole ruler of Gwynedd by 1200 and made a treaty with King John of England that year. Llywelyn's relations with John remained good for the next ten years. He married John's natural daughter Joan in 1205, and when John arrested Gwenwynwyn ap Owain of Powys in 1208, Llywelyn took the opportunity to annex southern Powys. In 1210, relations deteriorated, and John invaded Gwynedd in 1211. Llywelyn was forced to seek terms and to give up all lands west of the River Conwy, but was able to recover them the following year in alliance with the other Welsh princes. He allied himself with the barons who forced John to sign Magna Carta in 1215. By 1216, he was the dominant power in Wales, holding a council at Aberdyfi that year to apportion lands to the other princes. Following King John's death, Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor, Henry III, in 1218. During the next fifteen years, Llywelyn was frequently involved in fights with Marcher lords and sometimes with the king, but also made alliances with several major powers in the
Marches. The Peace of Middle in 1234 marked the end of Llywelyn's military career, as the agreed truce of two years was extended year by year for the remainder of his reign. He
maintained his position in Wales until his death in 1240 and was succeeded by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn.

Genealogy and early life
Llywelyn was born about 1173, the son of Iorwerth ap Owain and the grandson of Owain Gwynedd, who had been ruler of Gwynedd until his death in 1170. Llywelyn was a descendant of the senior line of Rhodri Mawr and therefore a member of the princely house of Gwynedd.[1] He was probably born at Dolwyddelan, though not in the present Dolwyddelan castle, which was built by Llywelyn himself. He may have been born in the old castle which occupied a rocky knoll on the valley floor.[2] Little is known about his father, Iorwerth Drwyndwn, who died when Llywelyn was an infant. There is no record of Iorwerth having taken part in the power struggle between some of Owain Gwynedd's other sons following Owain's death, although he was the eldest surviving son. There is a tradition that he was disabled or disfigured in some way that excluded him from power.[3]

By 1175, Gwynedd had been divided between two of Llywelyn's uncles. Dafydd ab Owain held the area east of the River Conwy and Rhodri ab Owain held the west. Dafydd and Rhodri were the sons of Owain by his second marriage to Cristin verch Goronwy. This marriage was not considered valid by the church as Cristin was Owain's first cousin, a degree of relationship which according to Canon law prohibited marriage. Giraldus Cambrensis refers to Iorwerth Drwyndwn as the only legitimate son of Owain Gwynedd.[4] Following Iorwerth's death, Llywelyn was, at least in the eyes of the church, the legitimate claimant to the throne of Gwynedd.[5]

Llywelyn's mother was Marared, occasionally anglicised to Margaret, daughter of Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys. There is evidence that, after her first husband's death, Marared married in the summer of 1197, Gwion, the nephew of Roger Powys of Whittington Castle with whom she had a son, David ap Gwion. Therefore, some maintain that Marared never married into the Corbet family of Caus Castle (near Westbury, Shropshire) and later, Moreton Corbet Castle.[6] However, there is in existence a grant of land from Llywelyn ab Iorworth to the monastery of Wigmore, in which Llywelyn indicates his mother was a member of the house of Corbet, leaving the issue unresolved.[7]

Rise to power 1188–1199
In his account of his journey around Wales in 1188, Giraldus Cambrensis mentions that the young Llywelyn was already in arms against his uncles Dafydd and Rhodri; Owen, son of Gruffyth, prince of North Wales, had many sons, but only one legitimate, namely, Jorwerth Drwyndwn, which in Welsh means flat-nosed, who had a son named Lhewelyn. This young man, being only twelve years of age, began, during the period of our journey, to molest his uncles David and Roderic, the sons of Owen by Christiana, his cousin-german; and although they had divided amongst themselves all North Wales, except the land of Conan, and although David, having married the sister of king Henry II, by whom he had one son, was powerfully supported by the English, yet within a few years the legitimate son, destitute of lands or money (by the aid of divine vengeance), bravely expelled from North Wales those who were born in public incest, though supported by their own wealth and by that of others, leaving them nothing but what the liberality of his own mind and the counsel of good men from pity suggested: a proof that adulterous and incestuous persons are displeasing to God.[8]

In 1194, with the aid of his cousins Gruffudd ap Cynan[9] and Maredudd ap Cynan, he defeated Dafydd at the Battle of Aberconwy at the mouth of the River Conwy. Rhodri died in 1195, and his lands west of the Conwy were taken over by Gruffudd and Maredudd while Llywelyn ruled the territories taken from Dafydd east of the Conwy.[10] In 1197, Llywelyn captured Dafydd and imprisoned him. A year later Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, persuaded Llywelyn to release him, and Dafydd retired to England where he died in May 1203. Wales was divided into Pura Wallia, the areas ruled by the Welsh princes, and Marchia Wallia, ruled by the Anglo-Norman barons. Since the death of Owain Gwynedd in 1170, Rhys ap Gruffydd had made the southern kingdom of Deheubarth the strongest of the Welsh kingdoms, and had established himself as the leader of Pura Wallia. After Rhys died in 1197, fighting between his sons led to the splitting of Deheubarth between warring factions. Gwenwynwyn ab Owain, prince of Powys Wenwynwyn, tried to take over as leader of the Welsh princes, and in 1198, raised a great army to besiege Painscastle, which was held by the troops of William de Braose, Lord of Bramber. Llywelyn sent troops to help Gwenwynwyn, but in August Gwenwynwyn's force was attacked by an army led by the Justiciar, Geoffrey Fitz Peter, and heavily defeated.[11] Gwenwynwyn's defeat gave Llywelyn the opportunity to establish himself as the leader of the Welsh. In 1199, he captured the important castle of Mold and was apparently using the title "prince of the whole of North Wales" (Latin: tocius norwallie princeps).[12] Llywelyn was probably not in fact master of all Gwynedd at this time since it was his cousin Gruffudd ap Cynan who promised homage to King John for Gwynedd in 1199.[13]

Reign as Prince of Gwynedd
Consolidation 1200–1209
Gruffudd ap Cynan died in 1200 and left Llywelyn the undisputed ruler of Gwynedd. In 1201, he took Eifionydd and Llŷn from Maredudd ap Cynan on a charge of treachery.[13] In July, the same year Llywelyn concluded a treaty with King John of England. This is the earliest surviving written agreement between an English king and a Welsh ruler, and under its terms Llywelyn was to swear fealty and do homage to the king. In return, it confirmed Llywelyn's possession of his conquests and allowed cases relating to lands claimed by Llywelyn to be heard under Welsh law.[14]

Llywelyn made his first move beyond the borders of Gwynedd in August 1202 when he raised a force to attack Gwenwynwyn ab Owain of Powys, who was now his main rival in Wales. The clergy intervened to make peace between Llywelyn and Gwenwynwyn and the invasion was called off. Elise ap Madog, lord of Penllyn, had Llywelyn consolidated his position in 1205 by marrying Joan, the natural daughter of King John. He had previously been negotiating with Pope Innocent III for leave to marry his uncle Rhodri's widow, daughter of Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles. However this proposal was dropped.[16]

In 1208, Gwenwynwyn of Powys fell out with King John who summoned him to Shrewsbury in October and then arrested him and stripped him of his lands. Llywelyn took the opportunity to annex southern Powys and northern Ceredigion and rebuild Aberystwyth castle.[17] In the summer of 1209 he accompanied John on a campaign against King William I of Scotland.[18]

Setback and recovery 1210–1217
In 1210, relations between Llywelyn and King John deteriorated. J.E. Lloyd suggests that the rupture may have been due to Llywelyn forming an alliance with William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber, who had fallen out with the king and had been deprived of his lands.[19] While John led a campaign against de Braose and his allies in Ireland, an army led by Earl Ranulph of Chester, and Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, invaded Gwynedd. Llywelyn destroyed his own castle at Deganwy and retreated west of the River Conwy. The Earl of Chester rebuilt Deganwy, and Llywelyn retaliated by ravaging the earl's lands.[20] John sent troops to help restore Gwenwynwyn to the rule of southern Powys. In 1211, John invaded Gwynedd with the aid of almost all the other Welsh princes, planning according to Brut y Tywysogion "to dispossess Llywelyn and destroy him utterly".[21] The first invasion was forced to retreat, but in August that year John invaded again with a larger army, crossed the River Conwy and penetrated Snowdonia.[22] Bangor was burnt by a detachment of the royal army and the Bishop of Bangor captured. Llywelyn was forced to come to terms, and by the advice of his council sent his wife Joan to negotiate with the king, her father.[23] Joan was able to persuade her father not to dispossess her husband completely, but Llywelyn lost all his lands west of the River Conwy.[24] He also had to pay a large tribute in cattle and horses and to hand over hostages, including his illegitimate son Gruffydd, and was forced to agree that if he died without a legitimate heir by Joan, all his lands would revert to the king.[25] This was the low point of Llywelyn's reign, but he quickly recovered his position. The other Welsh princes, who had supported King John against Llywelyn, soon became disillusioned with John's rule and changed sides. Llywelyn formed an alliance with Gwenwynwyn of Powys and the two main rulers of Deheubarth, Maelgwn ap Rhys and Rhys Gryg, and rose against John. They had the support of Pope Innocent III, who had been engaged in a dispute with John for several years and had placed his kingdom under an interdict. Innocent released Llywelyn, Gwenwynwyn and Maelgwn from all oaths of loyalty to John and lifted the interdict in the territories which they controlled. Llywelyn was able to recover all Gwynedd apart from the castles of Deganwy and Rhuddlan within two months in 1212.[26]

John planned another invasion of Gwynedd in August 1212. According to one account, he had just commenced by hanging some of the Welsh hostages given the previous year when he received two letters. One was from his daughter Joan, Llywelyn's wife, the other from William I of Scotland, and both warned him in similar terms that if he invaded Wales his magnates would seize the opportunity to kill him or hand him over to his enemies.[27] The invasion was abandoned, and in 1213, Llywelyn took the castles of Deganwy and Rhuddlan.[28] Llywelyn made an alliance with Philip II Augustus of France,[29] then allied himself with the barons who were in rebellion against John, marching on Shrewsbury and capturing it without resistance in 1215.[30] When John was forced to sign Magna Carta, Llywelyn was rewarded with several favourable provisions relating to Wales, including the release of his son, Gruffydd, who had been a hostage since 1211.[31] The same year, Ednyfed Fychan was appointed seneschal of Gwynedd and was to work closely with Llywelyn for the remainder of his reign. Llywelyn had now established himself as the leader of the independent princes of Wales, and in December 1215, led an army which included all the lesser princes to capture the castles of Carmarthen, Kidwelly, Llanstephan, Cardigan and Cilgerran. Another indication of his growing power was that he was able to insist on the consecration of Welshmen to two vacant sees that year, Iorwerth, as Bishop of St. David's, and Cadwgan, as Bishop of Bangor.[32]

In 1216, Llywelyn held a council at Aberdyfi to adjudicate on the territorial claims of the lesser princes, who affirmed their homage and allegiance to Llywelyn. Beverley Smith comments, "Henceforth, the leader would be lord, and the allies would be subjects".[33] Gwenwynwyn of Powys changed sides again that year and allied himself with King John. Llywelyn called up the other princes for a campaign against him and drove him out of southern Powys once more. Gwenwynwyn died in England later that year, leaving an underage heir. King John also died that year, and he also left an underage heir in King Henry III with a minority government set up in England.[34]

In 1217, Reginald de Braose of Brecon and Abergavenny, who had been allied to Llywelyn and married his daughter, Gwladus Ddu, was induced by the English crown to change sides. Llywelyn responded by invading his lands, first threatening Brecon, where the burgesses offered hostages for the payment of 100 marks, then heading for Swansea where Reginald de Braose met him to offer submission and to surrender the town. He then continued westwards to threaten Haverfordwest where the burgesses offered hostages for their submission to his rule or the payment of a fine of 1,000 marks.[35]

Treaty of Worcester and border campaigns 1218–1229
Following King John's death Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor Henry III in 1218. This treaty confirmed him in possession of all his recent conquests. From then until his death Llywelyn was the dominant force in Wales, though there were further outbreaks of hostilities with marcher lords, particularly the Marshall family and Hubert de Burgh, and sometimes with the king. Llywelyn built up marriage alliances with several of the Marcher families. One daughter, Gwladus Ddu, ("Gwladus the Dark") was already married to Reginald de Braose of Brecon and Abergavenny, but with Reginald an unreliable ally Llywelyn married another daughter, Marared, to John de Braose of Gower, Reginald's nephew. He found a loyal ally in Ranulph, Earl of Chester, whose nephew and heir, John the Scot, married Llywelyn's daughter Elen in about 1222. Following Reginald de Braose's death in 1228, Llywelyn also made an alliance with the powerful Mortimer family of Wigmore when Gwladus Ddu married as her second husband Ralph de Mortimer.[36] Llywelyn was careful not to provoke unnecessary hostilities with the crown or the Marcher lords; for example in 1220, he compelled Rhys Gryg to return four commotes in South Wales to their previous Anglo-Norman owners.[37] He built a number of castles to defend his borders, most thought to have been built between 1220 Criccieth Castle is one of a number built by Llywelyn. and 1230. These were the first sophisticated stone castles in Wales; his castles at Criccieth, Deganwy, Dolbadarn, Dolwyddelan and Castell y Bere are among the best examples.[38] Llywelyn also appears to have fostered the development of quasi-urban settlements in Gwynedd to act as centres of trade.[39]

Hostilities broke out with William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, in 1220. Llywelyn destroyed the castles of Narberth and Wiston, burnt the town of Haverfordwest and threatened Pembroke Castle, but agreed to abandon the attack on payment of £100. In early 1223, Llywelyn crossed the border into Shropshire and captured Kinnerley and Whittington castles. The Marshalls took advantage of Llywelyn's involvement here to land near St David's in April with an army raised in Ireland and recaptured Cardigan and Carmarthen without opposition. The Marshalls' campaign was supported by a royal army which took possession of Montgomery. Llywelyn came to an agreement with the king at Montgomery in October that year. Llywelyn's allies in south Wales were given back lands taken from them by the Marshalls and Llywelyn himself gave up his conquests in Shropshire.[40]

In 1228, Llywelyn was engaged in a campaign against Hubert de Burgh, who was Justiciar of England and Ireland and one of the most powerful men in the kingdom. Hubert had been given the lordship and castle of Montgomery by the king and was encroaching on Llywelyn's lands nearby. The king raised an army to help Hubert, who began to build another castle in the commote of Ceri. However, in October the royal army was obliged to retreat and Henry agreed to destroy the half-built castle in exchange for the payment of £2,000 by Llywelyn. Llywelyn raised the money by demanding the same sum as the ransom of William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny, whom he had captured in the fighting.[41]

Marital problems 1230
Following his capture, William de Braose decided to ally himself to Llywelyn, and a marriage was arranged between his daughter Isabella and Llywelyn's heir, Dafydd ap Llywelyn. At Easter 1230, William visited Llywelyn's court. During this visit he was found in Llywelyn's chamber together with Llywelyn's wife Joan. On 2 May, de Braose was hanged; Joan was placed under house arrest for a year. The Brut y Tywysogion chronicler commented: "that year William de Breos the Younger, lord of Brycheiniog, was hanged by the lord Llywelyn in Gwynedd, after he had been caught in Llywelyn's chamber with the king of England's daughter, Llywelyn's wife".[42]

A letter from Llywelyn to William's wife, Eva de Braose, written shortly after the execution enquires whether she still wishes the marriage between Dafydd and Isabella to take place.[43] The marriage did go ahead, and the following year Joan was forgiven and restored to her position as princess.

Until 1230, Llywelyn had used the title princeps Norwalliæ 'Prince of North Wales', but from that year he changed his title to 'Prince of North Wales and Lord of Snowdonia', possibly to underline his supremacy over the other Welsh princes.[44] He did not formally style himself 'Prince of Wales' although as J.E. Lloyd comments "he had much of the power which such a title might imply".[45]

Final campaigns and the Peace of Middle 1231–1240
In 1231, there was further fighting. Llywelyn was becoming concerned about the growing power of Hubert de Burgh. Some of his men had been taken prisoner by the garrison of Montgomery and beheaded, and Llywelyn responded by burning Montgomery, Powys, New Radnor, Hay, and Brecon before turning west to capture the castles of Neath and Kidwelly. He completed the campaign by recapturing Cardigan castle.[46] King Henry retaliated by launching an invasion and built a new castle at Painscastle, but was unable to penetrate far into Wales.[47]

Negotiations continued into 1232, when Hubert was removed from office and later imprisoned. Much of his power passed to Peter de Rivaux, including control of several castles in south Wales. William Marshal had died in 1231, and his brother Richard had succeeded him as Earl of Pembroke. In 1233, hostilities broke out between Richard Marshal and Peter de Rivaux, who was supported by the king. Llywelyn made an alliance with Richard, and in January 1234 the earl and Llywelyn seized Shrewsbury. Richard was killed in Ireland in April, but the king agreed to make peace with the insurgents.[48] The Peace of Middle, agreed on 21 June, established a truce of two years with Llywelyn, who was allowed to retain Cardigan and Builth. This truce was renewed year by year for the remainder of Llywelyn's reign.[49]

Death and aftermath
Arrangements for the succession
In his later years, Llywelyn devoted much effort to ensuring that his only legitimate son, Dafydd, would follow him as ruler of Gwynedd and amended Welsh law as followed in Gwynedd.[50] Llywelyn's amendment to Welsh law favoring legitimate children in a Church sanctioned marriage mirrored the earlier efforts of the Lord Rhys, Prince of Deheubarth, in designating Gruffydd ap Rhys II as his heir over those of his illegitimate eldest son, Maelgwn ap Rhys. In both cases, by favoring legitimate children born in a Church sanctioned marriage would facilitate better relations between their sons and the wider Anglo-Norman polity and Catholic Church by removing any "stigma" of illegitimacy. Dafydd's older but illegitimate brother, Gruffydd, was therefore excluded as the primary heir of Llywelyn, though would be given lands to rule. This was a departure from Welsh custom, which held that the eldest son was his father's heir regardless of his parent's marital status.[51][52]

In 1220, Llywelyn induced the minority government of King Henry to acknowledge Dafydd as his heir.[53] In 1222, he petitioned Pope Honorius III to have Dafydd's succession confirmed. The original petition has not been preserved but the Pope's reply refers to the "detestable custom... in his land whereby the son of the handmaiden was equally heir with the son of the free woman and illegitimate sons obtained an inheritance as if they were legitimate". The Pope welcomed the fact that Llywelyn was abolishing this custom.[54] In 1226, Llywelyn persuaded the Pope to declare his wife Joan, Dafydd's mother, to be a legitimate daughter of King John, again in order to strengthen Dafydd's position, and in 1229, the English crown accepted Dafydd's homage for the lands he would inherit from his father.[53] In 1238, Llywelyn held a council at Strata Florida Abbey where the other Welsh princes swore fealty to Dafydd.[53] Llywelyn's original intention had been that they should do homage to Dafydd, but the king wrote to the other rulers forbidding them to do homage.[55] Additionally, Prince Llywelyn arranged for his son Dafydd to marry Isabella de Braose, eldest daughter of William de Braose. As William de Braose had no male heir, Llywelyn strategized that the vast de Braose holdings in south Wales would pass to the heir of Dafydd with Isabella.

Gruffydd was given an appanage in Meirionnydd and Ardudwy but his rule was said to be oppressive, and in 1221 Llywelyn stripped him of these territories.[56] In 1228, Llywelyn imprisoned him, and he was not released until 1234. On his release, he was given part of Llŷn to rule. His performance this time was apparently more satisfactory and by 1238 he had been given the remainder of Llŷn and a substantial part of Powys.[57]

Death and the transfer of power
Llywelyn's stone coffin is now in Llanrwst parish church. Joan died in 1237 and Llywelyn appears to have suffered a paralytic stroke the same year.[58] From this time on, his heir Dafydd took an increasing part in the rule of the principality. Dafydd deprived his half-brother Gruffydd of the lands given him by Llywelyn, and later seized him and his eldest son Owain and held them in Criccieth Castle. In 1240, the chronicler of Brut y Tywysogion records: "the lord Llywelyn ap Iorwerth son of Owain Gwynedd, Prince of Wales, a second Achilles, died having taken on the habit of religion at Aberconwy, and was buried honourably."[59]

Llywelyn died at the Cistercian abbey of Aberconwy, which he had founded, and was buried there. This abbey was later moved to Maenan, becoming the Maenan Abbey, near Llanrwst, and Llywelyn's stone coffin can now be seen in St Grwst's Church, Llanrwst. Among the poets who lamented his passing was Einion Wan:
True lord of the land – how strange that today
He rules not o'er Gwynedd;
Lord of nought but the piled up stones of his tomb,
Of the seven-foot grave in which he lies.[60]
Dafydd succeeded Llywelyn as prince of Gwynedd, but King Henry was not prepared to allow him to inherit his father's position in the remainder of Wales. Dafydd was forced to agree to a treaty greatly restricting his power and was also obliged to hand his half-brother Gruffydd over to the king, who now had the option of using him against Dafydd. Gruffydd was killed attempting to escape from the Tower of London in 1244. This left the field clear for Dafydd, but Dafydd himself died without issue in 1246 and was eventually succeeded by his nephew, Gruffydd's son, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.

Historical assessment
Llywelyn dominated Wales for more than 40 years, and was one of only two Welsh rulers to be called "the Great", the other being his ancestor Rhodri the Great. The first person to give Llywelyn the title "the Great" seems to have been his near-contemporary, the English chronicler Matthew Paris.[61]

John Edward Lloyd gave the following assessment of Llywelyn: Among the chieftains who battled against the Anglo-Norman power his place will always be high, if not indeed the highest of all, for no man ever made better or more judicious use of the native force of the Welsh people for adequate national ends; his patriotic statemanship will always entitle him to wear the proud style of Llywelyn the Great.[62]

David Moore gives a different view: When Llywelyn died in 1240 his principatus of Wales rested on shaky foundations. Although he had dominated Wales, exacted unprecedented submissions and raised the status of the prince of Gwynedd to new heights, his three major ambitions – a permanent hegemony, its recognition by the king, and its inheritance in its entirety by his heir – remained unfulfilled. His supremacy, like that of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, had been merely personal in nature, and there was no institutional framework to maintain it either during his lifetime or after his death.[63]

Children
Llywelyn married Joan, natural daughter of King John of England, in 1205. Llywelyn and Joan had three identified children in the records but in all probability had more as Llywelyn's children were fully recognised during his marriage to Joan whilst his father-in-law, King John, was alive. The identity of the mother of some of Llywelyn's children before this union is uncertain, but the following are recorded in contemporary or near contemporary records.
Dafydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1212–1246), son by Joan, wife of Llywelyn.

Elen (Helen) ferch Llywelyn (c. 1206–1253), daughter by Joan. M. John Earl of Huntington m. 2nd Robert de Quincy 3rd Donald Malcolm Mar Earl of Mar.

Susanna ferch Llywelyn, died after November 1228, daughter by Joan. Henry III King of England granted the upbringing of "L. princeps Norwallie et Johanna uxor sua et…soror nostra Susannam filiam suam" to "Nicholao de Verdun et Clementie uxori sue" by order dated 24 Nov 1228[273]. Her birth date is estimated on the assumption that Susanna was under marriageable age, but older than an infant, at the time.

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1196–1244), a son by Tangwystl Goch (d. c. 1198).

Gwladus Ddu (c. 1206–1251), probable daughter by Joan.

Angharad ferch Llywelyn (c. 1212–1256), probable daughter of Joan; married Maelgwn Fychan.

Marared ferch Llywelyn (died after 1268), married John de Braose and secondly (about 1232) Walter III de Clifford. Marared had issue by both husbands.[64]

Elen the Younger ferch Llywelyn (before 1230-after 16 Feb 1295) who married firstly Máel Coluim II, Earl of Fife, son of Duncan Macduff of Fife & his wife Alice Corbet. She married secondly (after 1266) Domhnall I, Earl of Mar, son of William, Earl of Mar & his first wife Elizabeth Comyn of Buchan. Elen and Domhall's daughter, Isabella of Mar, married Robert, the Bruce, King of Scots. Isabella had one child by the King of Scots, Marjorie Bruce, who was the mother of the first Stewart monarch, Robert II of Scotland.

Tegwared y Baiswen ap Llywelyn (c. 1215), a son by a woman named as Crysten in some sources, a possible twin of Angharad[65]

Little is known of Llywelyn's mistress, Tangwystl Goch, except that she was the daughter of Llywarch "Goch" of Rhos.[66]

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1196–1244) was Llywelyn's eldest son and known to be the son of Tangwystl. He married Senena, daughter of Caradoc ap Thomas of Anglesey. Their sons included Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who for a period occupied a position in Wales comparable to that of his grandfather, and Dafydd ap Gruffydd who ruled Gwynedd briefly after his brother's death.

A number of Welsh poems addressed to Llywelyn by contemporary poets such as Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr, Dafydd Benfras and Llywarch ap Llywelyn (better known under the nickname Prydydd y Moch) have survived. Very little of this poetry has been published in English translation.[67] Llywelyn has continued to figure in modern Welsh literature. The play Siwan (1956, English translation 1960) by Saunders Lewis deals with the finding of William de Braose in Joan's chamber and his execution by Llywelyn. Another well-known Welsh play about Llywelyn is Llywelyn Fawr by Thomas Parry. Llywelyn is the main character or one of the main characters in several English-language novels: Raymond Foxall (1959) Song for a Prince: The Story of Llywelyn the Great covers the period from King John's invasion in 1211 to the execution of William de Braose. Sharon Kay Penman (1985) Here be Dragons is centered on the marriage of Llywelyn and Joan. Dragon's Lair (2004) by the same author features the young Llywelyn before he gained power in Gwynedd. Llywelyn further appears in Penman's later novel Falls the Shadow. Edith Pargeter (1960–63) "The Heaven Tree Trilogy" features Llywelyn, Joan, William de Braose, and several of Llywelyn's sons as major characters. Gaius Demetrius (2006) Ascent of an Eagle tells the story of the early part of Llywelyn's reign. The story of the faithful hound Gelert, owned by Llywelyn and mistakenly killed by him, is also considered to be fiction. "Gelert's grave" is a popular tourist attraction in Beddgelert but is thought to have been created by an 18th-century innkeeper to boost the tourist trade. The tale itself is a variation on a common folktale motif.[68]

References
1. For details of Llywelyn's ancestry, see Bartrum pp.95–96
2. Lynch p. 156. According to one genealogy, Llywelyn had a brother named Adda, but there is no other record of him.
3. Maund p. 185
4. Giraldus Cambrensis p. 126. Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd was Iorwerth's full brother, but presumably he was dead by the time Giraldus wrote.
5. Giraldus Cambrensis p. 126
6. Remfry, 65–66; Maund p. 186
7. Monasticon Anglicanum pp.497–98
8. Giraldus Cambrensis p. 126. Giraldus says that Llywelyn was only twelve years of age at this time, which would mean that he was born about 1176. However most historians consider that he was born about 1173.
9. This Gruffudd ap Cynan should not be confused with Gruffudd ap Cynan the late 11th- and early 12th-century king of Gwynedd, Llywelyn's great-grandfather
10. Maund p. 187
11. Lloyd pp. 585–6
12. Davies p. 239
13. Moore p. 109
14. Davies p. 294
15. Lloyd pp. 613–4
16. Lloyd pp. 616–7. One letter from the Pope suggests that Llywelyn may have been married previously, to an unnamed sister of Earl Ranulph of Chester in about 1192, but there appears to be no confirmation of this.
17. Davies pp. 229, 241
18. Lloyd pp. 622–3
19. Lloyd p. 631
20. Lloyd p. 632, Maund p. 192
21. Brut y Tywysogion p.154
22. Maund p. 193
23. Brut y Tywysogion pp. 155–6
24. The Battles of Wales, p.62, Dilys
Gater, Gwasg Carreg Gwalch
25. Davies p. 295
26. Brut y Tywysogion pp. 158–9
27. Pryce p. 445
28. Brut y Tywysogion p. 162

Primary sources
Caley, John, et al., eds. 1830. Monasticon Anglicanum. Longman.
Hoare, R.C., ed. 1908. Giraldus Cambrensis: The Itinerary through Wales; Description of Wales.
Translated by R.C. Hoare. Everyman's Library. ISBN 0-460-00272-4
Jones, T., ed. 1941. Brut y Tywysogion: Peniarth MS. 20. University of Wales Press.
Pryce, H., ed. 2005. The Acts of Welsh rulers 1120–1283. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1897-
5
Secondary sources
Bartrum, P.C. 1966. Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts. University of Wales Press.
Carr, A. D. 1995. Medieval Wales. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-54773-X
Davies, Rees 1987. Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063–1415 Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-
821732-3
Lloyd, John. E. 1911. A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest. Longmans,
Green & Co..
Lynch, F. 1995. Gwynedd (A Guide to Ancient and Historic Wales series). HMSO. ISBN 0-11-701574-1
29. Moore pp. 112–3
30. Brut y Tywysogion p. 165
31. Lloyd p. 646
32. Brut y Tywysogion p. 167
33. Quoted in John Davies (1994)
History of Wales p. 138
34. Lloyd pp. 649–51
35. Davies p. 242; Lloyd pp. 652–3
36. Lloyd pp. 645, 657–8
37. Davies p. 298
38. Lynch p. 135
39. John Davies (1994) History of
Wales p. 142
40. Lloyd p. 661–3
41. Lloyd p. 667–70
42. Brut y Tywysogion pp. 190–1
43. Pryce pp. 428–9
44. The version of the Welsh laws
preserved in Llyfr Iorwerth,
compiled in Gwynedd during
Llywelyn's reign, claims
precedence for the ruler of
Aberffraw, the ancient court, over
the rulers of the other Welsh
kingdoms. See Aled Rhys
William (1960) Llyfr Iorwerth: a
critical text of the Venedotian
code of mediaeval Welsh law.
45. Lloyd pp. 682–3
46. Lloyd pp. 673–5
47. Lloyd pp. 675–6
48. Powicke pp. 51–55
49. Lloyd p. 681
50. Lloyd, J.E. (2004). A History of
Wales; From the Norman
Invasion to the Edwardian
Conquest (https://archive.org/stre
am/historyofwalesfr01lloyuoft/hi
storyofwalesfr01lloyuoft_djvu.tx
t). Barnes & Noble Publishing,
Inc. p. 297 and 362, note 164, pg
369 note 64, page 347 note 82.
51. Lewis, Hurbert; The Ancient
Laws of Wales, 1889. Chapter
VIII: Royal Succession; Rules to
Marriage; Alienation pgs 192–
200. According to Hurbert
Lewis, though not explicitly
codified as such, the edling, or
Heir apparent, was by
convention, custom, and practice
the eldest son of the lord and
entitled to inheirit the position
and title as "head of the family"
from the father. Effectively
primogeniture with local
variations. However, all sons
were provided for out of the
lands of the father and in certain
circumstances so too were
daughters. Additionally, sons
could claim materinal patrimony
through their mother in certain
circumstances.
52. There was provision in Welsh
law for the selection of a single
edling or heir by the ruler. For a
discussion of this see Stephenson
pp. 138–141. See Williams pp.
393–413 for details of the
struggle for the succession.
53. Davies p. 249
54. Pryce pp. 414–5
55. Carr p. 60
56. Brut y Tywysogion pp. 182–3
57. Lloyd p. 692
58. Stephenson p. xxii
59. Brut y Tywysogion p. 198
60. Translated in Lloyd p. 693
61. Matthew Paris Chronica Majora
edited by H. R. Luard (1880)
Volume 5, London Rolls Series,
p. 718, quoted in Carr.
62. Lloyd p. 693
63. Moore p. 126
64. Douglas Richardson. Magna
Carta Ancestry, 2nd Edition, Vol.
I, pg 387.
65. Bartrum, Peter. Welsh
Genealogies.
66. Charles Cawley, Medieval Lands,
Wales
67. In praise of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
by Llywarch ap Llywelyn has
been translated by Joseph P.
Clancy (1970) in The earliest
Welsh poetry.
68. See D. E. Jenkins (1899),
Beddgelert: Its Facts, Fairies
and Folklore, pp. 56–74, for a
detailed discussion of this legend.
Maund, K. 2006. The Welsh Kings: Warriors, Warlords and Princes. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2973-6
Moore, D. 2005. The Welsh wars of independence: c.410-c.1415. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3321-0
Powicke, M. 1953. The Thirteenth Century 1216–1307 (The Oxford History of England). Clarendon
Press.
Remfry, P.M., Whittington Castle and the families of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, Peverel, Maminot, Powys and
Fitz Warin (ISBN 1-899376-80-1)
Stephenson, D. 1984. The Governance of Gwynedd. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0850-3
Williams, G. A. 1964. "The Succession to Gwynedd, 1238–1247" Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
XX (1962–64) 393–413
Weis, Frederick Lewis. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before
1700, lines: 27-27, 29A-27, 29A-28, 132C-29, 176B-27, 177–7, 184A-9, 236–7, 246–30, 254–28, 254–
29, 260–31
Professor T. Jones-Pierce, "Aber Gwyn Gregin", Caernarvonshire Historical Society Transactions
(volume 23, 1962)
External links
The Aber Trust: Source material on Llywelyn
Impression from Llywelyn's Great Seal
A stone corbel from Llywelyn's castle at Deganwy, thought to be a likeness of Llywelyn Fawr, ab
Iorwerth
Llywelyn the Great
House of Aberffraw
Cadet branch of the House of Gwynedd
Born: 1173 Died: 11 April 1240
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Dafydd ap Owain
Prince of Gwynedd
1195–1240
Succeeded by
Dafydd ap Llywelyn
Preceded by
Gwenwynwyn
Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn
1216–1240
Succeeded by
Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llywelyn_the_Great&oldid=766611525"
Categories: 1170s births 1240 deaths Monarchs of Gwynedd House of Aberffraw
Burials at Aberconwy Abbey 12th-century Welsh monarchs 13th-century Welsh monarchs Welsh princes
This page was last edited on 21 February 2017, at 04:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. 		ap Iorwerth, Prince Llewelyn (I25558)
 
4284 Lois Virginia Johnmeyer, 94, of Howard County passed away Friday, Jan. 27, 2012. Funeral services will be at 2 p.m. Tuesday, Jan. 31, at Faith Family Church in Fayette. Burial will follow in Fayette City Cemetery. Visitation will be from 5:30 to 8 p.m. Monday, Jan. 30, at the church. Survivors include her children, Virginia "Snookie" Taylor, Louise Golob, Bill Johnmeyer, Bob "Buck" Johnmeyer and Linda Kay Wells; 13 grandchildren; 20 great-grandchildren; and two great-great-grandchildren Smith, Lois Virginia (I7616)
 
4285 Long, Charles Schuylkill Haven

Bromer, Johanna Schuylkill Haven
May 18, 1850 Rev. Bast. 		Family: Long, Charles / Brommer, Johanna (F5360)
 
4286 Lord of Alnwick and Malton Yorkshire
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ivo_de_Vesci

Ivo de Vesci, sometimes spelt Vescy and first name sometimes Yves, was a prominent 11th-century noble. He obtained lands and the lordship of Alnwick in Northumberland from King William II of England. He was also given lands in Malton, Yorkshire. It is not known whether he is the son or kinsman of the Robert de Veci who participated in the Norman conquest of England and was rewarded with great estates in the counties of Northampton, Warwick and Lincoln.

Marriage and issue
He married Alda Tyson, daughter of William Tyson, the former lord of Alnwick, they had issue:

Beatrix de Vesci, died c.1130. She married Eustace Fitz John (d 1157), Constable of Chestershire and Knaresborough. By his marriage to Beatrix de Vesci, Ivo gained the Baronies of Malton and Alnwick. 		de Vesci, Ivo (I34176)
 
4287 Lorentz clogs H001 - in Nuremberg
parents unknown

(* around ?1090), † 1130 in Nuremberg, buried in the Sebalduskirche

Son:
1. Lorentz, (* about ?1125) - councilman in Nuremberg, see Holz-18/a

Regesture:
• Lived at the time when Emperor Heinrich destroyed Nuremberg in 1106. Stayed at the castle and at the Reichs-Bailiwick. †1130, limited St.Sebald.

• Sons: Lorentz and Hans, allegedly at the (fictional) tournament in 1197.
[Biedermann Plate 166]

→ Holzschuher Chronicle by M. Io. Chr. Gatterer (1755). 		Holzschuher, Lorentz (I35702)
 
4288 Lorentz Holzschuher H002 – councilman in Nuremberg
Father: Holz-17/a Lorentz clogs H001

(* about ?1125), † 1201 in Nuremberg

councilor in Nuremberg.

Son:
1. Leupold, (* about ?1160) - in Nuremberg, see Holz-19/a

Regesture:
• another son: Herdegen, † 1235, limited St.Sebald.
[Biedermann; but no year of death given there]

→ The tradition that he was one of the 12 tournament prefects is an invention. 		Holzschuher, Lorentz (I35701)
 
4289 Loretta's name is given as Laura Etta, Lauretta, and Loretta and I suspect that Loretta is the preferred name. Her address was given as 1214 Julie Avenue, Cahokia, Il 62206-2241 Rice, Lauraetta (I16684)
 
4290 Lorine S. Rosburg, 90, of Sioux City died unexpectedly Monday, Dec. 17, 2007, at a Springfield, Mo. hospital while visiting her daughter.

Services will be 10 a.m. Friday, December 21, 2007 at Cathedral of the Epiphany in Sioux City. Burial will be in Calvary Cemetery. Visitation will be on Thursday, December 20, 2007 from 4 to 8 p.m. Thursday, with the family present 6 to 8 p.m. and a vigil service at 7 p.m., at Meyer Brothers Colonial Chapel.

Lorine was born Oct. 7, 1917, in Remsen, Iowa, the daughter of Henry and Margaret (Schlitz) Feller. She graduated from high school in Remsen and attended Briar Cliff University in Sioux City.

She married Lyle Rosburg on July 3, 1939, at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Remsen. Lyle preceded her in death on July 12, 2002, in Sioux City. She was a homemaker as well as a clerical aide for Penn Life.

She was a member of Cathedral of the Epiphany. She loved to fish, sew, do crossword puzzles, walk, watch all kinds of sports (often several at one time) and spend time with her family, especially her grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Survivors include a daughter, Mary (Ross) Lilly of Jefferson, S.D.; a daughter, Susan Johnston and her significant other, Eric Anthony of Sioux City; a son, Gary Rosburg of Hull, Iowa; a daughter, Ann (Jeff) Crane of Republic, Mo.; a daughter, Sandra (Mike) Spidell of Oklahoma City, Okla.; a sister, Vida Mensen of Apple Valley, Calif.; a sister-in-law, Marie Nacke of Remsen, Iowa; 19 grandchildren; 16 great-grandchildren; and four stepgrandchildren.

She was preceded in death by her parents; her husband; two sons, Keith and Clyde; a son-in-law, James Johnston; a granddaughter, Denise Rosburg; and 15 brothers and sisters.

Pallbearers will be her grandchildren. 		Feller, Lorine S (I48)
 
4291 Lost an arm. Was never married.

McQuigg John of Islandcarragh Bushmills county Antrim farmer died 9 July 1933 Probate Belfast 24 January to Samuel McQuigg and Samuel John McQuigg farmers. Effects £2 10s. 		McQuigg, John (I22706)
 
4292 Lothair I, born in 795, was Emperor of the Roman Empire (co-ruling with his father, Louise the Pious, until 840). He was also the governor of Bavaria and King of Italy and Middle Francia. He was the eldest son of Louis and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingerman the duke of Hesbaye.

On several occasions, Lothair led his full-brothers, Pepin I of Aquitaine and Louis the German, in revolt against their father to protest against attempts to make their half-brother Charles the Bald a co-heir to the Frankish domains. Upon their father's death, Charles and Louis joined forces against Lothair in a three-year civil war that lasted from 840 to 843. The struggles between the brothers led directly to the breakup of the Frankish Empire that had been assembled by their grandfather Charlemagne, and it laid the foundation for the development of modern France and Germany.

Little is known of Lothair's early life, which probably was passed at the court of his grandfather Charlemagne. In 814, the elderly emperor died, and left his sole surviving legitimate son Louis the Pious as successor to his vast empire. The next year, Lothair would be sent to govern Bavaria for his father, the new emperor. In 817, Louis the Pious drew up his "Ordinatio Imperii." In it he designated Lothair as his principal heir and ordered that Lothair would be the overlord of Louis' younger sons Pippin of Aquitaine (who was 20) and Louis the German (who was 13), as well as his nephew Bernard of Italy, Lothair's cousin. Lothair also would inherit their lands if they died childless. Lothair, at age 22, then was crowned joint emperor by his father at Aachen. At the same time, Aquitaine and Bavaria were granted to his brothers Pippin and Louis, respectively, as subsidiary kingdoms. Following the death of Bernard, Lothair also received the Kingdom of Italy.

In 821, Lothair married Ermengarde (who died in 851), daughter of Hugh the Count of Tours. In 822, he assumed the government of Italy, and at Easter, April 5, 823, he was crowned emperor again by Pope Paschal I, this time at Rome. In November 824, Lothair promulgated a statute, the "Constitutio Romana," concerning the relations of pope and emperor, which reserved the supreme power to the secular potentate, and he afterwards issued various ordinances for the good government of Italy.

On Lothair's return to his father's court, his stepmother Judith won his consent to her plan for securing a kingdom for her son Charles, a scheme that was carried out in 829, when the young prince was given Alemannia as king. However, Lothair soon changed his attitude and spent the succeeding decade in constant strife over the division of the Empire with his father. He was alternately master of the Empire, then banished and confined to Italy, at one time taking up arms in alliance with his brothers, and at another time fighting against them, while the bounds of his appointed kingdom were in turn extended and reduced.

The first rebellion began in 830. All three brothers fought their father, whom they deposed. In 831, their father was reinstated and he deprived Lothair of his imperial title and gave Italy to Charles. The second rebellion was instigated by Angilbert II, Archbishop of Milan, in 833, and again Louis was deposed in 834. Through the loyalty of the Lombards and later reconciliations, Lothair retained Italy and the imperial position through all remaining divisions of the Empire by his father.

When Louis the Pious was dying in 840, he sent the imperial insignia to Lothair, who, disregarding the various partitions, claimed the whole of the Empire. He was 45 years old when his father died. Negotiations with his brother Louis the German and his half-brother Charles, both of whom resisted this claim, were followed by an alliance of the younger brothers against him. A decisive battle was fought at Fontenay-en-Puisaye on June 25, 841, when, in spite of his and his allied nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine's personal gallantry, Lothair was defeated and fled to Aachen.

With fresh troops, Lothair began a war of plunder, but the forces of his brothers were too strong, and taking with him such treasure as he could collect, he abandoned his capital to them. He met with the leaders of the "Stellinga" in Speyer and promised them his support in return for theirs, but Louis, and then the native Saxon nobility, put down the "Stellinga" in the next years.

Peace negotiations began, and in June 842 the brothers met on an island in the Saône. They agreed to an arrangement that developed, after much difficulty and delay, into the Treaty of Verdun, signed in August 843. By this, Lothair received the imperial title as well as northern Italy and a long stretch of territory from the North Sea to the Mediterranean, essentially along the valleys of the Rhine and the Rhône; this territory included the regions Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, and Provence. He soon ceded Italy to his eldest son, Louis, and remained in his new kingdom, engaging in alternate quarrels and reconciliations with his brothers and in futile efforts to defend his lands from the attacks of the Northmen (as Vikings were known in Frankish writings) and the Saracens (as those loyal to the various Fatimids, Umayyads and Abbasides are known in Frankish writings). In 845, the count of Arles, Fulcrad, led a rebellion in Provence. The emperor put it down and the count joined him in an expedition against the Saracens in Italy in 846.

In 855, Lothair became seriously ill, and despairing of recovery, he renounced the throne, divided his lands among his three sons, and on September 23 entered the monastery of Prüm, where he died six days later. He was buried at Prüm, where his remains were found in 1860. It was at Prüm that Lothair was most commemorated. The same year, Lothair's kingdom was divided among his three sons in a deal called the Treaty of Prüm: the eldest, Louis II, received Italy and the title of emperor; the second, Lothair II, received Lotharingia; the youngest, Charles, received Provence.

Lothair married Ermengarde of Tours in 821, who died in 851. their children were: Louis II, crowned King of Italy in 844 by Pope Sergius II and crowned Emperor in 850, who married Engelberga; Hiltrude, who married Berengar of Spoleto; Bertha, who married an unknown man and was later Abbess of Avenay; Gisela, Abbess of San Salvatore at Brescia; Lothair II, who succeeded his father and married Teutberga, daughter of Boso the Elder, Count of Arles; Rotrude, who married Lambert III of Nantes; and Charles, who was Invested with Provence, Lyon and Transjuranian Burgundy.

Lothair had one known illegitimate child, Carloman.

-- Wikiwand: Lothair I 		of Bavaria, Lotharius I (I34307)
 
4293 LOUIS II the Stammerer, King of Neustria, 856, King of Aquitaine, 867, King of France, 877-879, son and heir by his father's 1st marriage, born 1 Nov. c.846. He married (1st) March 862 ANSGARDE, daughter of Count Harduin. They had two sons, Louis (III) [joint King of France] and Carloman [King of France], and three daughters, Hildegarde and Gisela (or Gisele) (wife of Robert, Count palatine of Troyes), and Ermentrude. She died after 2 Nov. 880, 881, or 882. He married (2nd) ADELAIDE, daughter of Count Adelard. They had one son, Charles (III) the Simple [King of France]. LOUIS II, King of France, died at Compiegne 10 April 879. His widow, AdelaIde, died 18 October, after 9 Nov. 901.
Birch Cat. Seals in the British Museum 5 (1898): 113 (seal of King Louis II dated A.D. 879 - Oval: a bust in profile to the right. Legend: ... GRATIA …). Halphen Recueil d’Annales Angevines et Vendômoises (1903): 55 (Annales de Vendôme sub A.D. 879: "Hludovicus moritur, rex Germanie."). Brandenburg Die Nachkommen Karls des Großen (1935) IV 34. Decker-Hauff (1955): 330 (identifies wife Adelheid as daughter of Welf, Graf im Argengau). Schwennicke Europäische Stammtafeln 2 (1984): 1 (sub Kings of the West Franks). Winter Descs. of Charlemagne (800-1400) (1987): IV.40, V.49-V.54. Settipani & von Kerrebrouck La Préhistoire des Capetians (1993).”
- this comes from “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013)
----------------

"Louis II, known as Louis the Stammerer, was the King of Aquitaine and later the King of West Francia. He was the eldest son of emperor Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans. Louis the Stammerer was physically weak and outlived his father by only two years."

"He succeeded his younger brother Charles the Child as the ruler of Aquitaine in 866 and his father in West Francia in 877, but he was *never* crowned Holy Roman Emperor."

"Louis was crowned king on 8 October 877 by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, at Compiegne and was crowned a second time in August 878 by Pope John VIII at Troyes while the pope was attending a council there. The pope may have even offered him the imperial crown, but it was declined. Louis had relatively little impact on politics. He was described "a simple and sweet man, a lover of peace, justice, and religion". In 878, he gave the counties of Barcelona, Girona, and Besalú to Wilfred the Hairy. His final act was to march against the invading Vikings, but he fell ill and died on 9 April or 10 April 879, not long after beginning this final campaign. On his death, his realms were divided between his two sons, Carloman II and Louis III of France." 		de France, Louis II (I32271)
 
4294 Louis IV , called d'Outremer or Transmarinus (both meaning "from overseas"), reigned as king of West Francia from 936 to 954. A member of the Carolingian dynasty, he was the only son of king Charles the Simple and his second wife Eadgifu of Wessex, daughter of King Edward the Elder of Wessex.His reign is mostly known thanks to the Annals of Flodoard and the later Historiae of Richerus.

Louis was born in the heartlands of West Francia's Carolingian lands between Laon and Reims in 920 or 921. From his father's first marriage with Frederuna (d. 917) he had six half-sisters. He was the only male heir to the throne.

After the dethronement and capture of his faher, Charles the Simple, in 923, following his defeat at the Battle of Soissons, queen Eadgifu and her infant son took refuge in Wessex (for this he received the nickname of d'Outremer) at the court of her father King Edward, and after Edward's death, of her brother King Æthelstan. Young Louis was raised in the Anglo-Saxon court until his teens.

Louis became the heir to the western branch of the Carolingian dynasty after the death of his captive father in 929, and in 936, at the age of 15, was recalled from Wessex by the powerful Hugh the Great, Margrave of Neustria, to succeed the Robertian king Rudolph who had died.

Once he took the throne, Louis wanted to free himself from the tutelage of Hugh the Great, who, with his title of Duke of the Franks was the second most powerful man after the King.

In 945, following the death of William I Longsword, Duke of Normandy, Louis tried to conquer his lands, but was kidnapped by the men of Hugh the Great.

The Synod of Ingelheim in 948 allowed the excommunication of Hugh the Great and released Louis from his long tutelage. From 950 Louis gradually imposed his rule in the northeast of the kingdom, building many alliances (especially with the Counts of Vermandois) and under the protection of the Ottonian kingdom of East Francia.

Louis IV was crowned King by Artald, Archbishop of Rheims on Sunday, 19 June 936, probably at the Abbey of Notre-Dame and Saint-Jean in Laon, perhaps at the request of the King since it was a symbolic Carolingian town and he was probably born there.

In 939 Louis IV married Gerberga of Saxony, the widow of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine. They were parents to eight children:
-Lothair of France (941–986)
-Matilda b. about 943; married Conrad of Burgundy
-Hildegarde b. about 944
-Carloman b. about 945
-Louis b. about 948
-Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine (953–993)
-Alberade b. before 953
-Henry b. about 953

Louis IV died on September 10, 954, after falling from a horse, some records report he died from tuberculosis. 		of the West Franks, King Louis IV (I32263)
 
4295 Louis IX of France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Reign 8 November 1226 – 25 August 1270
Coronation 29 November 1226 in Reims Cathedral
Predecessor Louis VIII
Successor Philip III
Born 25 April 1214 Poissy, France
Died 25 August 1270 (aged 56) Tunis, North Africa
Burial Basilica of St Denis
Spouse Margaret of Provence
Issue among others...
Isabella, Queen of Navarre
Louis of France
Philip III of France
John Tristan, Count of Valois
Peter, Count of Perche and Alençon
Blanche, Infanta of Castile
Margaret, Duchess of Brabant
Robert, Count of Clermont
Agnes, Duchess of Burgundy
House Capet
Father Louis VIII of France
Mother Blanche of Castile

Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France and a canonized saint. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis's childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian crusade which had started 20 years earlier.

As an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of the most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England tried to restore his continental possessions, but was defeated at the battle of Taillebourg. His reign saw the annexation of several provinces, notably Normandy, Maine and Provence. Louis IX was a reformer and developed French royal justice, in which the king is the supreme judge to whom anyone is able to appeal to seek the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to prevent the private wars that were plaguing the country and introduced the presumption of innocence in criminal procedure. To enforce the correct application of this new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs.

According to his vow made after a serious illness, and confirmed after a miraculous cure, Louis IX took an active part in the Seventh and Eighth Crusade in which he died from dysentery. He was succeeded by his son Philip III. Louis's actions were inspired by Christian values and Catholic devotion. He decided to punish blasphemy, gambling, interest-bearing loans and prostitution, and bought presumed relics of Christ for which he built the Sainte-Chapelle. He also expanded the scope of the Inquisition and ordered the burning of Talmuds. He is the only canonized king of France, and there are consequently many places named after him.

Sources
Much of what is known of Louis's life comes from Jean de Joinville's famous Life of Saint Louis. Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counsellor to the king, and also participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis' life that ended with his canonisation in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII. Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus' biography,[1] which he wrote using the papal inquest mentioned above. While several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king.

Early life
Louis was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of Prince Louis the Lion and Princess Blanche, and baptised in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his father's side was Philip II, king of France; while his grandfather on his mother's side was Alfonso VIII, king of Castile. Tutors of Blanche's choosing taught him most of what a king must know—Latin, public speaking, writing, military arts, and government.[2] He was 9 years old when his grandfather Philip II died and his father ascended as Louis VIII.[3] A member of the House of Capet, Louis was twelve years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king within the month at Reims cathedral. Because of Louis's youth, his mother ruled France as regent during his minority.[4]

Louis' mother trained him to be a great leader and a good Christian. She used to say:[5] I love you, my dear son, as much as a mother can love her child; but I would rather see you dead at my feet than that you should ever commit a mortal sin.

His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou, thus founding the second Angevin dynasty.

No date is given for the beginning of Louis's personal rule. His contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, though historians generally view the year 1234 as the year in which Louis began ruling personally, with his mother assuming a more advisory role.[6] She continued to have a strong influence on the king until her death in 1252.[4][7]

Marriage
On 27 May 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence (1221 – 21 December 1295), whose sister Eleanor later became the wife of Henry III of England. The new queen's religious devotion made her a well suited partner for the king. He enjoyed her company, and was pleased to show her the many public works he was making in Paris, both for its defense and for its health. They enjoyed riding together, reading, and listening to music. This attention raised a certain amount of jealousy in his mother, who tried to keep them apart as much as she could.[8]

Disputation of Paris
In the 1230s, Nicholas Donin, a Jewish convert to Christianity, translated the Talmud and pressed 35 charges against it to Pope Gregory IX by quoting a series of blasphemous passages about Jesus, Mary or Christianity. There is a Talmudic passage, for example, where Jesus of Nazareth is sent to Hell to be boiled in excrement for eternity. Donin also selected an injunction of the Talmud that permits Jews to kill non-Jews. This led to the Disputation of Paris, which took place in 1240 at the court of Louis IX, where rabbi Yechiel of Paris defended the Talmud against the accusations of Nicholas Donin. The translation of the Talmud from Judeo Aramaic to a non-Jewish, profane language was seen by Jews as a profound violation. The disputation led to the condemnation of the Talmud and the burning of thousands of copies.[9]

Crusading
When Louis was 15, his mother brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade in 1229 after signing an agreement with Count Raymond VII of Toulouse that cleared the latter's father of wrongdoing.[10] Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of murdering a preacher on a mission to convert the Cathars.[11] Louis went on two crusades, in his mid-30s in 1248 (Seventh Crusade), and then again in his mid-50s in 1270 (Eighth Crusade).

Seventh Crusade
In 1248 Louis decided that his obligations as a son of the Church outweighed those of his throne, and he left his kingdom for a six year adventure. Since the base of Muslim power had shifted to Egypt, Louis did not even march on the Holy Land; any war against Islam now fit the definition of a Crusade.[12]

Louis and his followers landed in Egypt on 5 June 1249 and began his first crusade with the rapid capture of the port of Damietta.[12][13] This attack caused some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan, Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, was on his deathbed. However, the march from Damietta toward Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. The rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for them to advance and follow up on their success.[14] During this time, the Ayyubid sultan died, and the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set in motion a sudden power shift that would make her Queen and eventually place the Egyptian army of the Mamluks in power. On 6 April 1250 Louis lost his army at the Battle of Al Mansurah[15] and was captured by the Egyptians. His release was eventually negotiated in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (at the time France's annual revenue was only about 1,250,000 livres tournois) and the surrender of the city of Damietta.[16]

Four years in Palestine
Following his release from Egyptian captivity, Louis spent four years in the Latin kingdoms of Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffa, using his wealth to assist the Crusaders in rebuilding their defences[17] and conducting diplomacy with the Islamic powers of Syria and Egypt. In the spring of 1254 he and his army returned to France.[12] Louis exchanged multiple letters and emissaries with Mongol rulers of the period. During his first crusade in 1248, Louis was approached by envoys from Eljigidei, the Mongol military commander stationed in Armenia and Persia.[18] Eljigidei suggested that King Louis should land in Egypt, while Eljigidei attacked Baghdad, to prevent the Saracens of Egypt and those of Syria from joining forces. Louis sent André de Longjumeau, a Dominican priest, as an emissary to the Great Khan Güyük Khan (r. 1246-48) in Mongolia. Güyük died before the emissary arrived at his court, however, and nothing concrete occurred. Instead his queen and now regent, Oghul Qaimish, politely turned down the diplomatic offer.[19]

Louis dispatched another envoy to the Mongol court, the Franciscan William of Rubruck, who went to visit the Great Khan Möngke (1251-1259) in Mongolia. He spent several years at the Mongol court. In 1259, Berke, the ruler of the Golden Horde, westernmost part of the Mongolian Empire, demanded the submission of Louis.[20] On the contrary, Mongolian Emperors Möngke and Khubilai's brother, the Ilkhan Hulegu, sent a letter seeking military assistance from the king of France, but the letter did not reach France.[21]

Eighth Crusade In a parliament held at Paris, 24 March 1267, Louis and his three sons took the cross. On hearing the reports of the missionaries, Louis resolved to land at Tunis, and he ordered his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, to join him there. The crusaders, among whom was Prince Edward of England, landed at Carthage 17 July 1270, but disease broke out in the camp. Many died of dysentery, and on 25 August, Louis himself died.[17][22]

Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe
Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export, and by the marriage of the king's daughters and female relatives to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis most likely ordered the production of the Morgan Bible, a masterpiece of medieval painting.

During the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. Saint Louis was regarded as "primus inter pares", first among equals, among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded the largest army and ruled the largest and wealthiest kingdom, the European centre of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The foundations for the famous college of theology later known as the Sorbonne were laid in Paris about the year 1257.[14] The prestige and respect felt in Europe for King Louis IX were due more to the attraction that his benevolent personality created rather than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he was the quintessential example of the Christian prince and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation for saintliness and fairness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in quarrels among the rulers of Europe.[6]

Shortly before 1256, Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy, arrested and without trial hanged three young squires of Laon whom he accused of poaching in his forest. In 1256 Louis had him arrested and brought to the Louvre by his sergeants. Enguerrand demanded judgment by his peers and trial by battle, which the king refused because he thought it obsolete. Enguerrand was tried, sentenced, and ordered to pay 12,000 livres. Part of the money was to pay for masses in perpetuity for the men he had hanged.

In 1258, Louis and James I of Aragon signed the Treaty of Corbeil, under which Louis renounced his feudal overlordship over the County of Barcelona and Roussillon, which was held by the King of Aragon. James in turn renounced his feudal overlordship over several counties in southern France including Provence and Languedoc. In 1259 Louis signed the Treaty of Paris, by which Henry III of England was confirmed in his possession of territories in southwestern France and Louis received the provinces of Anjou, Normandy (Normandie), Poitou, Maine, and Touraine.[4]

Religious nature
The perception of Louis IX as the exemplary Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Louis was a devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte-Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"),[6] located within the royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle, a perfect example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture, was erected as a shrine for what he believed to be the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross, supposed precious relics of the Passion of Jesus. Louis purchased these in 1239–41 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, for the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres (the construction of the chapel, for comparison, cost only 60,000 livres). Louis IX took very seriously his mission as "lieutenant of God on Earth", with which he had been invested when he was crowned in Reims. To fulfill his duty, he conducted two crusades, and even though they were unsuccessful, they contributed to his prestige. Everything he did was for the glory of God and for the good of his people. He protected the poor and was never heard speak ill of anyone. He excelled in penance and had a great love for the Church. He was merciful even to rebels. When he was urged to put to death a prince who had followed his father in rebellion, he refused, saying: "A son cannot refuse to obey his father."[5]

In 1230 the King forbade all forms of usury, defined at the time as any taking of interest. Where the original Jewish and Lombard borrowers could not be found, Louis exacted from the lenders a contribution towards the crusade which Pope Gregory was then trying to launch.[14] Louis also ordered, at the urging of Pope Gregory IX, the burning in Paris in 1243 of some 12,000 manuscript copies of the Talmud and other Jewish books. Eventually, the edict against the Talmud was overturned by Gregory IX's successor, Innocent IV.[23]

In addition to Louis' legislation against usury, he expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. The area most affected by this expansion was southern France where the Cathar heresy had been strongest. The rate of these confiscations reached its highest levels in the years before his first crusade, and slowed upon his return to France in 1254. In 1250, he headed a crusade, but was taken prisoner. During his captivity, he recited the Divine Office every day. After his release, he visited the Holy Land before returning to France.[5] In all these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill the duty of France, which was seen as "the eldest daughter of the Church" (la fille aînée de l'Église), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne, who had been crowned by the Pope Leo III in Rome in 800. Indeed, the official Latin title of the kings of France was Rex Francorum, i.e. "king of the Franks" (until Louis' grandfather's reign, Philip II whose seal reads Rex Franciae, i.e. "king of France"), and the kings of France were also known by the title "most Christian king" (Rex Christianissimus). The relationship between France and the papacy was at its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries, and most of the crusades were actually called by the popes from French soil. Eventually, in 1309, Pope Clement V even left Rome and relocated to the French city of Avignon, beginning the era known as the Avignon Papacy (or, more disparagingly, the "Babylonian captivity").

He was renowned for his charity. Beggars were fed from his table, he ate their leavings, washed their feet, ministered to the wants of the lepers, and daily fed over one hundred poor. He founded many hospitals and houses: the House of the Filles-Dieu for reformed prostitutes; the Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men (1254), hospitals at Pontoise, Vernon, Compiégne.[24]

St. Louis installed a house of the Trinitarian Order in his château of Fontainebleau. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains, and was accompanied by them on his crusades. In his spiritual testament he wrote: "My dearest son, you should permit yourself to be tormented by every kind of martyrdom before you would allow yourself to commit a mortal sin."[5]

Children
1. Blanche (12 July/4 December[25] 1240 – 29 April 1243), died in infancy.
2. Isabella (2 March 1241 – 28 January 1271), married Theobald II of Navarre.
3. Louis (23 September 1243/24 February 1244[25] – 11 January/2 February 1260). Betrothed to Berengaria of Castile in Paris on 20 August 1255.[25]
4. Philip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), married firstly to Isabella of Aragon in 1262 and secondly to Maria of Brabant in 1274.
5. John (1246/1247[25] – 10 March 1248), died in infancy.
6. John Tristan (8 April 1250 – 3 August 1270), Count of Valois, married Yolande of Burgundy.
7. Peter (1251 – 6/7 April 1284), Count of Perche and Alençon, married Joanne of Châtillon.
8. Blanche (early 1253[25] – 17 June 1320), married Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile.
9. Margaret (early 1255[25] – July 1271), married John I, Duke of Brabant.
10. Robert (1256 – 7 February 1317), Count of Clermont, married Beatrice of Burgundy. The French crown devolved upon his male-line descendant, Henry IV, when the legitimate male line of Robert's older brother Philip III died out in 1589.
11. Agnes (1260 – 19/20 December 1327[25]), married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy. Louis had his two children that died in infancy to be buried at the Cistercian abbey of Royaumont; in 1820 they were transferred to Saint-Denis Basilica.[26]

Death and legacy
During his second crusade, Louis died at Tunis on 25 August 1270, in an epidemic of dysentery that swept through his army.[22][27][28] As Tunis was Muslim territory, his body was subject to the process known as mosTeutonicus (a postmortem funerary custom used in medieval Europe whereby the flesh was boiled from the body, so that the bones of the deceased could be transported hygienically from distant lands back home) for its transportation back to France.[29] He was succeeded by his son, Philip III.

His heart and intestines, however, were conveyed by his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, for burial in the cathedral of Monreale near Palermo.[30] His bones were carried in a lengthy processional across Sicily, Italy, the Alps, and France, until they were interred in the royal necropolis at Saint-Denis in May 1271.[31] Charles and Philip later disbursed a number of relics to promote his veneration.[32]

Veneration as a saint
Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297;[33] he is the only French king to be declared a saint.[34] Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch.[33] The impact of his canonization was so great that many of his successors were named Louis. Named in his honour, the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in Vannes, France, in 1803.[35] A similar order, the Sisters of St Louis, was founded in Juilly in 1842.[36][37]

He is honoured as co-patron of the Third Order of St. Francis, which claims him as a member of the Order. Even in childhood, his compassion for the poor and suffering people had been obvious to all who knew him and when he became king, over a hundred poor people ate in his house on ordinary days. Often the king served these guests himself. Such acts of charity, coupled with Louis' devout religious practices, gave rise to the legend that he joined the Third Order of St. Francis. Though it is unlikely that Louis did join the order, his life and actions proclaimed him one of them in spirit.[2]

Places named after Saint Louis
The cities of San Luis Potosí in Mexico; St. Louis, Missouri; St. Louis Park, Minnesota; St. Louis, Michigan; San Luis, Arizona; San Luis, Colorado; Saint-Louis du Sénégal; Saint- Louis in Alsace; as well as Lake Saint-Louis in Quebec, the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California and São Luís, Maranhão in Brazil are among the many places named after the French king and saint.

The Cathedral Saint-Louis in Versailles; the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France completed in 1834 and the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis completed in 1914, both in St. Louis, Missouri; and the St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans were also named for the king. The French royal Order of Saint Louis (1693–1790 and 1814–1830), the Île Saint- Louis as well as a hospital in the 10th arrondissement of Paris also bear his name. The national church of France in Rome also carries his name: San Luigi dei Francesi in Italian or Saint Louis of France in English. Also the Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, the Church of St Louis in Moscow, Russia, and rue Saint Louis of Pondicherry Port-Louis, the capital city of Mauritius, as well as its cathedral are also named after St. Louis, who is the patron saint of the island.

References
1. Vie de St Louis, ed. H.-F. Delaborde, Paris, 1899
2. "Saint Louis, King of France, Archdiocese of St. Louis, MO .("http://archstl.org/becomingcatholic/page/saint-louis-king-france). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
3. Plaque in the church, Collégiale Notre-Dame, Poiss,y France.
4. "Louis IX". Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
5. Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Louis".M y First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality Catholic Publications. pp. 193–194.I SBN 971-91595-4-5.
6. "Goyau, Georges. "St. Louis IX." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Feb. 2013" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09368a.htm). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
7. Shadis 2010, p. 17-19.
8. Goldstone 2007, p. 27-35.
9. Naomi Seidman, Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Diffeernce and the Politics of Translation, pp. 136-138 (https://books.google.com/books?id=rZGx-bS3vcgC&pg=P A137&dq=disputation+of+paris&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=g6hLVb4r59-wBNKegdgG&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=disputation%20of%20paris&f=false)
10. Goldstone 2007, p. 17.
11. Goldstone 2007, p. 11.
12. "Crusades: Crusades of the 13th century".E ncarta. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
13. Tyerman, p. 787
14. "Lives of Saints, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc. "(http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/LOUIS.HTM). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
15. Dupuy 1993, p. 417.
16. Tyerman, pp. 789–798
17. "Bréhier, Louis. "Crusades." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 24 Feb. 2013" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
18. Jackson 1980, p. 481-513.
9. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asi a(https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=AP273&lpg=PA273&dq=berke+khan+demanded+louis+IX&source=bl&ots=xlRvrweS3U&sigY=qP4Sw-4Wlk-gQ0vU8UPw5ERUIY&hl=mn&sa=X&ei=NUh-UrvEFcqotAangYGgBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=berke%20khan%20demanded%20louis%20IX&f=false). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
20. Denis Sinor - The Mongols in the West. Journal of Asian History v.33 n.1 (1999)
21. Aigle, Denise (2005). "The Letters of Eljigidei, H¨uleg¨u and Abaqa: Mongol overtures or Christiane Vntriloquism?" (http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/38/19/67/PDF/InnerAsia.pd f()PDF). Inner Asia. 7 (2): 143–162. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
22. Magill & Aves, p. 606.
23. "The Pope Who Saved the Talmud" (http://5tjt.com/the-pope-who-saved-the-talmud/.) The 5 Towns Jewish Times. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
24. "Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Louis IX" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Louis_IX).
25. "Capetian Kings" (http://www.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CAPET.htm#_Toc154137008). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
26. Brown 1990, p. 810.
27. Cross & Livingstone, p. 1004.
28. Lock, p. 183.
29. Westerhof 2008, p. 79.
30. Gaposchkin, p. 28.
31. Gaposchkin, pp. 28–29.
32. Gaposchkin, pp. 28–30; 76.
33. Louis IX, Oxford Dictionary of Saints, (Oxford University Press, 2004), 326.
34. "Louis". The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia. 7 (15 ed.). 1993. p. 497. ISBN 9780852295717.
35. "Who We Are" (http://www.soeursdelacharitestlouis.org/en/content/who-we-are). Sisters of Charity of St. Louis. 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
36. "Our Father and Patron St. Louis / St. Louis, King of France, 1214-1270 ADS"t . Louis Handbook for Schools. Sisters of St Louis. p. 8.
37. "Our history" (http://stlouissisters.org/about-us/our-history). Sisters of St Louis. 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2017.

Bibliography
Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (Autumn 1990). "Authority, the Family, and the Dead in Late Medieval France". French Historical Studies. 16 (4).

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192802909.

Davis, Jennifer R. (Autumn 2010). "The Problem of King Louis IX of France: Biography, Sanctity, and Kingship". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 41 (2): 209–225. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_00050.

Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. HarperCollins.

Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia. (2008). The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity, and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801476259.

Goldstone, Nancy (2007). Four Queens: The Provençal Sisters who ruled Europe. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 9780670038435.

Jackson, Peter (July 1980). "The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260". The English Historical Review. 95 (376): 481–513. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 568054. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXVI.481.

Jordan, William Chester (1979). Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership. Princeton.

Le Goff, Jacques (2009). Saint Louis. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0268033811.

Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 1135131376.

Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison, eds. (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. 2. Routledge. ISBN 1579580416.

Shadis, Miriam (2010). Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23473-7.

Streyer, J.R. (1962). "The Crusades of Louis IX". In Setton, K.M. A History of the Crusades. Philadelphia.

Westerhof, Danielle (16 October 2008). Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England. Boydell Press. ISBN 1843834162.

External links
John de Joinville. Memoirs of Louis IX, King of France. Chronicle, 1309.
Saint Louis in Medieval History of Navarre
Site about The Saintonge War between Louis IX of France and
Henry III of England.
Account of the first Crusade of Saint Louis from the perspective of the Arabs..
A letter from Guy, a knight, concerning the capture of Damietta on the sixth Crusade with a speech delivered by Saint Louis to his men.
Etext full version of the Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, a biography of Saint Louis written by one of his knights
"St. Lewis, King of France", Butler's Lives of the Saints
"Man of the Middle Ages, Saint Louis, King of France", Archdiocese of St. Louis, MO

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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. 		de France, Louis IX (I25537)
 
4296 Louis the Pious (16 April 778–20 June 840), also called the Fair and the Debonaire, was the King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. He was also King of Aquitaine from 781. As the only surviving son of Charlemagne and Hildegard, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833–834, during which he was deposed.

Louis married firstly Ermengarde of Hesbaye in c. 794. Children:
1 Lothair (795–855), king of Middle Francia
2 Pepin (797–838), king of Aquitaine
3 Adelaide (b. c. 799)
4 Rotrude (b. 800)
5 Hildegard (or Matilda) (b. c. 802)
6 Louis the German (c. 806–876), king of East Francia

Louis married secondly Judith of Bavaria. Children:
1 Gisela, married Eberhard of Friuli
2 Charles the Bald, king of West Francia

By an unknown concubine (probably Theodelinde of Sens) [citation needed], he had two illegitimate children:
1 Arnulf of Sens
2 Alpais

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious
Louis the Pious (778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonair, was the King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. He was also King of Aquitaine from 781. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne 		de France, King Louis I (I34553)
 
4297 Louisa Rusburg, 69, late of 811 Magnolia street, died at the Oregon City Hospital Satudrday following a confinement of one day. She had been a resident of this district for three years, and of Oregon for 24. She was born May 22, 1873 in FRANCE, and came to the United States 46 years ago.

Survivors include one foster son, Loe Colniko of Portland and one foster daughter Ramona Jackson of Los Angeles and one grand child, Patricia Harris

Individuals: Rosburg, Larry Bruce, Information came from the Oregan City, Obituaries, death certificates, and Ancestery.com.

Data per JF Thoma. 		Augue, Louisa (I24073)
 
4298 Louise (Lulu) Helen Schlotzhauer, oldest daughter and second child in the family of eight children of John and Fredricka Masel Schlotzhauer, was born on the farm near Harris Station southwest of Pilot Grove in Cooper County, Missouri on January 16, 1865. The railroad was under construction there and the wife of one of the construction workers named her after herself. Later that year, in November 1865, her parents purchased the 127 acre farm and it became known as "the home place". It is now owned and the residence of Marcin Schupp and his wife. Here Lulu Schlotzhauer grew up. She attended the Pleasant Green rural school and Johnston's School in Pilot Grove. The family was active in the affairs centered around Wesley Chapel Church.

On October 19, 1884, Lulu Schlotzhauer was married to Hamilton Lusk. They were married at Wesley Chapel by E. L. Frazier, a minister.

(from notes sent by Bettie Wolfe, wife of the mayor of Pilot Grove. Louise (Lulu) Schlotzhauer was her great aunt. 7/98) 		Schlotzhauer, Helen Louisa "LULU" (I7500)
 
4299 Lt. Philip Thomas
From GENi

Philip Thomas
Birthdate: circa 1620 (54)
Birthplace: Bristol, City of Bristol, England, United Kingdom
Death: Died 1674 in West River, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States

Immediate Family:
Father:
Evan Thomas
Mother:
Sarah Thomas
Spouse:
Sarah Thomas
Children:
Martha Arnell / Arnold;
Philip Thomas, II;
Sarah Mears;
Elizabeth Harrison Cole
Samuel Thomas, Sr.
Siblings:
Evan Thomas, Jr.;
Rhys Thomas;
Evan Thomas;
William Thomas;
Philip Thomas;
Penelope Thomas
Dora Emily Thomas

About Lt. Philip Thomas
Just because he immigrated from Bristol does NOT mean that he was born there. He may actually have been born in Swansea, Glamorganshire, Wales.

http://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p2617.htm#i78635
'Philip Thomas
'M, b. circa 1620, d. 1674
Father Evan Thomas b. c 1580, d. 1650
Mother Sarah b. c 1598
' Philip Thomas was born circa 1620 at of Bristol, Gloucestershire, England. He married Sarah Harrison, daughter of Edmund Harrison and Jane Godfrey, circa 1651 at England. Philip Thomas died in 1674 at Anne Arundel, MD.
'Family Sarah Harrison b. c 1628, d. 25 Nov 1687
Child
◦Elizabeth Thomas+ b. c 1654
__________________
Sources

Genealogical Records and Sketches of the Descendants of William Thomas of Hardwick, Mass. ... (Google eBook) Amos Russell Thomas F. A. Davis, 1891 - 221 pages. Page 5. Philip Thomas, the progenitor of the Maryland branch of the family, came from Wales in 1651. Soon after arriving in the country he joined the Friends, and many of his descendants are still members of that body. He was a man of much influence in the colonies, and his descendants are not only numerous, but have been influential in the State, and by intermarriage have become related to many prominent families in that and adjoining States. "26th. John Philip THOMAS,t who inherited the lands of his father, and left a son. 27th. Evan Thomas, b. about 1580. He d. in 1650. leaving three sons,—Captain Evan Thomas, Philip, and Eice. Philip Thomas came to the Province of Maryland in 1651, with his wife, Sarah Harrison, and three children. Captain Evan may have been the same Evan Thomas who came to Boston, in 1635, as master of the ship "William and Francis," and settled in that place in 1639 or 1640, with a wife and four children, and is believed to have been the ancestor of William of Hardwick. Any claim that might be made for the identity of these two persons rests, however, solely upon the correspondence in names and dates.

From Americans of Royal Descent

Philip Thomas, who was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Bristol, England, and in 1651 left there with his wife, Sarah Harrison and three Children, Philip, Sarah, and Elizabeth, and came to Lord Baltimore's province in Maryland, and had a grant 19th February 1651-2 of 500 acres of land, called "Beckley," on the west side of the Chesapeake Bay in 1758 and 1661 he had granted him 100 acres, called "Thomas Towne," and in 16665 a grant of 120 acres, called "Fuller's Point," and afterwards many other grants lying mostly in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. He died 1675, having by his wife who died in 1687; 1 Samuel Thomas and 2) Elizabeth Thomas

From the Thomas Book

PHILIP THOMAS, of the mercantile house of Thomas & Devonshire, at Bristol, England, son of Evan Thomas of Swansea, Glamorganshire, Wales, who died in 1650, is the earliest ancestor of this family of whom we have legal and documentary proof, although I have little doubt that the descent given in this genealogy is accurately taken from Sir Rhys ap Thomas, K.G., and will be confirmed by further investigations. A curious old tradition in the family derived them from Thomas de Douvre 1 (
Further research satisfied me that the descent was to be taken directly from Sir Rhys through one of his sons by Gwenllian (a. v.), sister of his friend and counsellor, Robert ap Gwylim Harry ap Jevan Gwyn of Mydhifinych, Abbot of Talley. Referring then to the genealogy of Sir Rhys ap Thomas for its earlier history, we begin the present family with this THOMAS AP RHYS, b. after 1478, whose son Philip ap Thomas m. Sybell, daughter of Philip and Joan (Warnecombe) Scudamore, and dying before 1585 left a son and heir, John Philip Thomas, who appears to have inherited from his mother the demesne lands of Grosmount Manor, Monmouthshire, and a grist-mill near by, before 1585, when he held them "in right of Philip Skidamore," and in 1591 was Queen's lessee of mills at Kentchurch in the same shire. He married Gwenllian, fourth daughter of Walter Herbert, Esq. (q. v.), of Skenfrith, Sheriff of Monmouthshire in 1552, and had issue: Evan Thomas, b. 1580, whose name begins the pedigree compiled by the late Philip E. Thomas, Esq., of Baltimore. I find notices, of Evan Thomas ap Evan, Under Sheriff of Glamorganshire in 1615; Evan Thomas, who was one of the Awennydion, or College of Bards, of Glamorgan in 1620; Major Evan Thomas, killed on the part of the King, at the battle of St. Fagans, near Cardiff, May 8, 1648; Evan ap Thomas of Eglwysilan, Wales, b. 1581, d. 1666; E. (probably Edward) Thomas, printer of Deacon's "History of James Naylor," at "his house in Green Arbor, London, 1657 ;" and Evan Thomas, of Pembrokeshire, who was fined for absence from church as a Quaker, but whether any of these are Evan of Swansea I cannot say. His wife's name is unknown. Philip, his son, was b. about 1600, and may have been the Philip Thomas in the East India Company's service who petitioned for unpaid wages in 1621, but his behaviour was complained of and he was discharged their service on December 17th. Another Philip Thomas, with Thomas Lawrence and Martin Saunders, gives information about a Romish plot April 1, 1628; and there was a Philip Thomas called to account for saying at the Castle Tavern in St. Clement's parish, London, January 20, 1638, that" the punishment of Prynne, Bastwick and Burton, the Puritans, by ear-cropping, etc., was not more than they deserved." Before 1638 a Philip Thomas was messenger of the Chamber for charitable uses, and August 13, 1638, he suggested a new commission. Philip Thomas, the emigrant, before 1650, formed a business partnership with one Devonshire at Bristol, and some time in the year 1651, only seventeen years after Leonard Calvert and Lord Baltimore's first colonists landed at St. Mary's, removed to the province of Maryland. The earliest land patent in his name, dated February 19, 1651-2, conveys to him 500 acres of land called " Beakely " or " Beckley " on the west side of Chesapeake Bay, "in consideration that he hath in the year 1651 transported himself, Sarah, his wife, Philip, Sarah, and Elizabeth his children, into this our province."

He would appear to have come directly from Bristol to Maryland. An examination of the land records of the colony of Virginia, made by the well-known genealogist, R. A. Brock, Esq., of Richmond, fails to show any grant to a Philip Thomas in the seventeenth century, and there would seem to be no reason to suppose that he was in America before coming to Maryland, or, as some have thought, was a member of the Puritan Colony in Virginia and removed thence along with them, when in 1649 and 1650 about seventy families of Puritans from Colonel Richard Bennett's plantation at Nansemond, Va., emigrated to Maryland and settled first on Greenbury's Point, at the mouth of the Severn River, principally on 250 acres surveyed in 15-acre lots, and called the "Town lands of Severn." The first meetinghouse was erected on land adjoining that of Elder Durand, their minister. Mr. Philip Thomas is said to have lived on the premises and guarded the sanctuary. About five years later the settlers transferred their lands to Bennett, and moved away. Between 1658 and 1661 Philip Thomas had patented to him 100 acres called *• Thomas Towne ; " in 1665 a patent of 120 acres called "Fuller's Poynt;" in 1668, of 300 acres called "The Planes ;" in 1672, of 200 acres called "Phillip's Addicion," and numerous other patents 1 of unnamed tracts. This land lay mostly in Anne Arundel County, near what is now known as West River. "Fuller's Poynt," between the Severn and South Rivers, is now called Thomas Point, and is the site of a light-house. A man of character and resolution, the emigrant soon acquired influence amongst his neighbours, and, affiliating himself with the Puritan party, he became one of its leaders in the conflict with Lord Baltimore, the Proprietary, and his representatives in the province. When Cromwell and the Parliamentary party were supreme in England, their sympathizers in Maryland broke out in open rebellion under Colonel Richard Bennett, and Philip Thomas, holding a military commission as lieutenant, was of their muster in Anne Arundel County, Md. Governor Stone immediately summoned the militia of the province, and with a little army of 250 men, after seizing a magazine of arms collected by the Puritans, set out for Providence on the Severn, the head-quarters of Bennett's partisans. Part of his men were transported in small vessels, and part marched along the Bay shore. As they drew near Providence, Stone sent forward a messenger to the enemy, summoning them to surrender; but the messenger did not return; and on the evening of the same day, March 24, 1654-5, the Governor's little fleet, with all his army now on board, made its appearance in the Severn.

Captain Fuller, the commander at Providence, put some men on board a ship lying in the harbour, who fired on Stone's boats as he landed his forces, but did no damage. On the next morning, which was Sunday, Governor Stone and his force came marching up to the attack, under the black and yellow flag of the colony, while over Fuller's men, 107 in number, drawn up in order of battle, floated the blue cross on a crimson field, the standard of the Commonwealth of England. The battle was short, but sharp; about fifty of the Governor's men were killed or wounded, and Stone himself, with nearly all his force, compelled to surrender, under a promise that their lives should be spared.

The Puritan annalist writes: "After the battle our men were so tired with watching and anxiety (before the attack) that the guards set over the prisoners fell asleep at their posts; yet the Catholics were so disheartened by their defeat, that no one of them attempted to escape." "Hammond against Heamans," a contemporary pamphlet1 by one of the Governor's party, notes that "three days after the battle Captain Fuller, Win, Burgees, Richard Evans, Leo Strong, Wm. Durand, Roger Heamans, John Brown, John Cuts, Richard Smith, one Thomas (Philip Thomas), one Bestone, Sampson Warren, Thomas Meares, and one Crouch, sat as a Council of War, condemned a number of the prisoners to die, and executed four of them."

March 20, 1656-7, Lieutenant Philip Thomas was appointed one of the six High Commissioners of the Provincial Court, the father of his son - in - law, John Mears, being another* When Oliver Cromwell ordered the revolutionists to return the province to the Proprietary he was one of the commissioners to make the surrender, which was effected on March 24, 1658-9, when the articles of surrender were signed, sealed, and delivered. After this he does not seem to have taken an active part in the political affairs of the province, the notices of his name upon the colonial records having to do with transfers of land, etc., the number of which were considerable.

From a petition to the Colonial Assembly, dated April 16, 1666, we learn that he had returned from a voyage to England in the preceding month. Tuesday, October 17, 1671, the Upper House of Assembly consents to a bill for ferries, among them being one " over Potapsco River, from Philip Thomas point in Anne Arundel Co. to Kent Co."

In April, 1672, George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends or Quakers, arrived in Maryland, landing at the Patuxent just in time to reach a " general meeting for all the Friends in the Province of Maryland," which had been appointed by John Burnyeat to be held at West River. He describes it1 as a " very large meeting," and held four days, " to which, besides Friends, came many other people, divers of whom were of considerable quality in the world's account." Immediately after this meeting Fox appears to have continued his labours by preaching his doctrines and establishing meetings for discipline at various places in the province. He remained in America until after the " general meeting " at West River, which commenced on the 17th of 3d month (May), 1673, and lasted four days. The next day, being the 21st, he set sail for England. In describing this meeting he says, "divers of considerable account in the government and many others were present, who were generally satisfied, and many of them reached, for it was a wonderful glorious meeting." It is possible, from the language of his will, that Philip Thomas himself was one of those " reached " by George Fox, and there can be no doubt that during his missionary tour his preaching brought a number of the family under the influence of Quakerism, as we find their names enrolled upon the early records of the Society immediately afterward. In point of fact, an examination of those records shows that, for the generation then living and their children, in Maryland at least, George Fox, John Burnyeat, Samuel Bownas, and the other preachers of Quakerism, did very much the same work as was done a century later by John Wesley and the Methodists. Such religion as they had was formal and lifeless; many, indeed, had cast off all restraint, and were living in utter neglect of the ordinances of religion and common morality. The Quaker missionaries coming amongst them with their fervid zeal, and speaking, as they thought, messages direct from heaven, aroused the slumbering souls of their hearers, and reaped a large harvest of converts to what was in fact the first presentation of a spiritual religion they had known.

As a result of this, the Quaker Registers of the end of the seventeenth century are a veritable Libro d'oro in Maryland, containing as they do the names of so many of the leading families of the province. Whether Philip Thomas became a Quaker or not, his widow certainly was one, and probably a preacher of the sect. September 9, 1674, he made his will, which was proved August 10, 1675. A copy, apparently made by one of his sons-in-law, is still preserved at the family seat, "Lebanon," West River, Md. From this he appears to have disposed of much of the land granted him, only mentioning "Beckley," "Fuller's Poynt," and the "Playns," and his two houses in Bristol, England. The clause in the will making "the body of Quakers" a final Court of Appeal in the event of any dispute arising under its provisions, was a common one amongst the Society of Friends, and in this case recourse was had to it. After the death of his widow, Sarah Thomas, his son Samuel claimed all her estates by virtue of a verbal will which he alleged she had made in his favour. This claim was resisted by his brother-in-law, Edward Talbot, and the West River Meeting of Friends was appealed to, to decide the question. The Meeting decided that although she had expressed a wish that Samuel Thomas should be her sole heir, she had not given legal effect to it, and that the estate should be equally divided between her several heirs. The two houses in Bristol were sold before September 13, 1690, when John Talbot claimed an interest in the proceeds of the sale in right of his wife, the granddaughter of Philip Thomas, to the extent of £\o, and £,%o, as her share of the whole landed estate.

PHILIP THOMAS, the Emigrant, m. in England, SARAH HARRISON, {[Sarah Harrison was possibly daughter of Edmund Harrison, Embrotherer to King Charles the First, and Jane his wife, daughter of Thomas Godfrey, and granddaughter of Christopher Harrison, merchant tailor, of London, who married E'iza, daughter of Thomas Cooke, of Wakefield. Visitation of London, 1634, 353. From a Herring Creek Meeting, November 25, 1687, " Sarah Thomas is taken away by death." Will proved May 25th, Liber 2, /. 72. "Bequeathed to Samuel Thomas my silver tobacco- box and suite of cloathes made me lately by Richard Arnold."] who survived him, dying early in 1687.3 Issue:
Born in England before 1651:
i. PHILIP, probably d. s. p. before 168S, as his name does not appear among Sarah Thomas's heirs at that date, though it is to be noted that his father is spoken of as Philip Thomas, Senior.
ii. SARAH, /«., in 1672, JOHN, son of Thomas and Elizabeth Mears, who d. in 1675." His wife d. in the same year. Issue (surname Mears): An only dan., SARAH, *. August 4, 1673 ; m., before 1690, JOHN TALBOT (y.p.).
iii. ELIZABETH, »/., as his 3d wife, WILLIAM COALE (g. v.); he d.
 		Thomas, Phillip (I24781)
 
4300 Lucas Cranach the Elder (* probably around October 4, 1472 in Kronach, Upper Franconia; † October 16, 1553 in Weimar) was one of the most important German painters and graphic artists of the Renaissance. From 1505 he was court painter at the Electoral Saxon court under Friedrich the Wise, Johann the Steadfast and Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous. In addition to numerous altarpieces and allegorical paintings, he and his workshop also made a large number of portraits of his employers and the reformers Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon. The Cranach workshop, which is believed to have left around 5,000 paintings, was continued by his son of the same name, Lucas Cranach the Younger.

The chronicler Mathias Gunderam reported in 1556 that Cranach was born on October 4th, 1472 in Kronach and that he received his first artistic training from his father, the wealthy Kronach citizen Hans Maler. There is no documentary evidence of Cranach's origin or his date of birth. Based on court files from the year 1495, which deal with the bad behavior of the painter's children, the year of birth 1472 is doubted by recent research and only vaguely dated to "around 1475".

Cranach had at least six sisters and two brothers. Her mother Barbara died before 1495. After his first artistic training, Lucas probably went on a journey as a journeyman. He came to Vienna in 1502 and stayed there until 1504. Because of the imperial court, Vienna was considered the cultural center of that time, where there were also contacts to numerous princes as potential employers and clients. The paintings from this period show clear influences from the Danube School. In Vienna he made his first contacts with leading humanists. During his stay in Vienna, Cranach began to sign his pictures with Lucas Cranach ("Lucas [from] Kronach").

In 1505 he got a job as court painter to the Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony in Wittenberg. He took over the painting workshop in Wittenberg Castle, previously headed by Jacopo de ’Barbari, whose tasks included not only furnishing churches and castles with paintings, but also making book decorations as well as trivial painting, gilding and drafting festive decorations and ornaments. Impressive evidence of the birth of medal art in Germany are, for example, the so-called Locumtenenstaler with the portrait of Frederick the Wise, for which he provided the design. Numerous invoices received provide information about the type and scope of the activities.

As a court painter, Cranach made numerous portraits of his employer, the first time in 1507 for the Nuremberg Dominican Church.

With effect from January 6, 1508, Cranach was given an emblem (winged serpent with a ruby ​​ring in its mouth) as a family coat of arms by his employer. In the same year he was sent to the Netherlands (to Mechelen) on a diplomatic mandate by the Elector, where he - along with other members of the family - made portraits of Emperor Maximilian I and the later Emperor Charles V.

In 1510, special payments from Lucas Moler are mentioned for the first time in documents from the city of Wittenberg. He also bought various building materials that year. It is concluded that that year he and the workshop moved from the castle to the city.

Around 1512/13 he married Barbara Brengbier († 1541), a daughter of Jobst Brengbier, the mayor of Gotha. His eldest son Hans was born and Lucas was born in 1515, followed by three daughters by 1520.
Around 1513 start of a wine bar. In the years 1515 to 1520 he created the first prints (woodcuts etc.), some of which - similar to Albrecht Dürer - he distributed freely himself.

In 1520 he was able to buy a pharmacy in Wittenberg, a few years later he is also known to be a bookseller, paper dealer and publisher. Together with his business partner, the goldsmith Christian Döring, he oversaw the publishing of Martin Luther's September will in 1522. He became a respected and influential figure in his new home - also as a landowner and publisher.
Cranach first came to the Wittenberg council chair as treasurer in the period of office of 1519/1520 and held this office repeatedly until 1535. Furthermore, he was a member of the council for the period of office 1528/1529.

In 1524 he met Albrecht Dürer in Nuremberg; On this occasion Dürer made a portrait of Cranach in silver pencil.
In Wittenberg he made friends with Philipp Melanchthon and Martin Luther. Together with his wife, he was the best man when he married Katharina von Bora in 1525 and was godfather of Luther's eldest son Johannes. The second wife of his son Lucas, Magdalena Schurff, was a niece of Philipp Melanchthon.

Cranach not only developed into the characteristic painter of the German Reformation, he also worked nationwide in the intellectual debate of this time through his graphics in Reformation writings. However, he was not only active for Reformation-minded clients, but also for Old Believers. For example, he created the extensive altar cycle for Cardinal Albrecht's new collegiate church in Halle.

After the death of Frederick the Wise, Cranach was employed as court painter by his successors, Johann the Steadfast and Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous. In addition to mostly unknown employees, his two sons Hans and Lucas the Elder were also there from around 1530. J. worked in the Cranach workshop. From 1537 to 1544, Lucas Cranach repeatedly headed the Wittenberg community as mayor and also held the office of assessor of a mayor as a former mayor several times.

In 1547, his third employer, Duke Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous, succumbed to the imperial troops in the Battle of Mühlberg and was imprisoned. At Johann Friedrich's request, Cranach followed him three years later into captivity in Augsburg, then in Innsbruck. There, too, he worked for the Duke and his visitors - he had meanwhile handed over his Wittenberg workshop to his son Lucas. In Augsburg he made the acquaintance of Titian.

In 1552 Lucas Cranach the Elder went with the Duke to his new residence in Weimar.
There he lived in the house of his daughter Barbara Cranach (the "Cranach House"). He died on October 16, 1553.

He found his final resting place in the Jakobsfriedhof in Weimar.
On his tombstone he is referred to as "the fastest painter".
The tombstone was created by Cranach's friend, the ducal master builder and trained stonemason Nikolaus Gromann.
The tombstone that today's visitor sees is a faithful copy of the original. The original was replaced by a copy and, for conservation reasons, moved to the city church of Peter and Paul ("Herderkirche") to the left of the altar in 1859.

progeny
Cranach had five children with his wife Barbara:

Hans (* around 1512; † 1537), who also became an artist
Lucas (* 1515; † 1586), known as "the Younger", took over the father's workshop in 1550 (1552?) And, like him, also became a council member and mayor of Wittenberg. The grandson Augustin (1554–1595) and great-grandson Lucas (1586–1645) continued the artistic family tradition.
Barbara († 1601), married to the Saxon Chancellor Christian Brück since 1543. The mother of the poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe comes from this line, so that Lucas Cranach is the great-great-grandfather of Goethe.
Ursula (life data unknown), first marriage on May 3, 1537 (husband unknown), second marriage in 1544 to the Gotha mayor Georg Dasch
Anna (* unknown; † June 30, 1577), married to the Wittenberg pharmacist and mayor Caspar Pfreund

Work & performance
Lucas Cranach is one of the most important visual artists of the early 16th century in Germany.
Since he held the permanent position as court painter to the Saxon electors in 1505, he also worked for Emperor Maximilian I, for Albrecht of Brandenburg, Albrecht's brother Joachim I Nestor and his son Joachim II of Brandenburg, as well as for other high nobles and - at the same time - for his Protestant friends. Together with Albrecht Dürer and other important artists of the time, he received the honorable commission in 1515 to illustrate Maximilian I's prayer book.

The indirect influence of his great Nuremberg colleague can be found in many of his works. However, Cranach was less interested in dealing with classical Italian forms than Dürer, but rather remained within north Alpine design: he switched from the innovations of the Danube School to Low German traditions. Cranach became particularly well known for his secular and allegorical nudes, which were completely new to German painting.

Cardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg and Martin Luther stand for the conflict between Old Believer Catholics and Reformation Protestants - the artist Lucas Cranach in between. He made no secret of his sympathy for Luther and the Reformation, and although his graphics played a decisive role in the spread of Reformation ideas (Luther's translation of the Bible with Cranach's illustrations appeared in 1522), he always worked - with success - for Catholic clients, especially for Albrecht von Brandenburg or the Albertine Duke George the Bearded. The Cranach workshop completed the most extensive cycle of paintings in German art history for the new collegiate church in Albrecht's favorite residence, Halle. On the other hand, he developed new topics for his Protestant clients, the concept of divine grace or the justification of sin to put people at the center through faith. 		Cranach, Lucas (I32614)
 

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