| Notes |
- Lothair I, born in 795, was Emperor of the Roman Empire (co-ruling with his father, Louise the Pious, until 840). He was also the governor of Bavaria and King of Italy and Middle Francia. He was the eldest son of Louis and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingerman the duke of Hesbaye.
On several occasions, Lothair led his full-brothers, Pepin I of Aquitaine and Louis the German, in revolt against their father to protest against attempts to make their half-brother Charles the Bald a co-heir to the Frankish domains. Upon their father's death, Charles and Louis joined forces against Lothair in a three-year civil war that lasted from 840 to 843. The struggles between the brothers led directly to the breakup of the Frankish Empire that had been assembled by their grandfather Charlemagne, and it laid the foundation for the development of modern France and Germany.
Little is known of Lothair's early life, which probably was passed at the court of his grandfather Charlemagne. In 814, the elderly emperor died, and left his sole surviving legitimate son Louis the Pious as successor to his vast empire. The next year, Lothair would be sent to govern Bavaria for his father, the new emperor. In 817, Louis the Pious drew up his "Ordinatio Imperii." In it he designated Lothair as his principal heir and ordered that Lothair would be the overlord of Louis' younger sons Pippin of Aquitaine (who was 20) and Louis the German (who was 13), as well as his nephew Bernard of Italy, Lothair's cousin. Lothair also would inherit their lands if they died childless. Lothair, at age 22, then was crowned joint emperor by his father at Aachen. At the same time, Aquitaine and Bavaria were granted to his brothers Pippin and Louis, respectively, as subsidiary kingdoms. Following the death of Bernard, Lothair also received the Kingdom of Italy.
In 821, Lothair married Ermengarde (who died in 851), daughter of Hugh the Count of Tours. In 822, he assumed the government of Italy, and at Easter, April 5, 823, he was crowned emperor again by Pope Paschal I, this time at Rome. In November 824, Lothair promulgated a statute, the "Constitutio Romana," concerning the relations of pope and emperor, which reserved the supreme power to the secular potentate, and he afterwards issued various ordinances for the good government of Italy.
On Lothair's return to his father's court, his stepmother Judith won his consent to her plan for securing a kingdom for her son Charles, a scheme that was carried out in 829, when the young prince was given Alemannia as king. However, Lothair soon changed his attitude and spent the succeeding decade in constant strife over the division of the Empire with his father. He was alternately master of the Empire, then banished and confined to Italy, at one time taking up arms in alliance with his brothers, and at another time fighting against them, while the bounds of his appointed kingdom were in turn extended and reduced.
The first rebellion began in 830. All three brothers fought their father, whom they deposed. In 831, their father was reinstated and he deprived Lothair of his imperial title and gave Italy to Charles. The second rebellion was instigated by Angilbert II, Archbishop of Milan, in 833, and again Louis was deposed in 834. Through the loyalty of the Lombards and later reconciliations, Lothair retained Italy and the imperial position through all remaining divisions of the Empire by his father.
When Louis the Pious was dying in 840, he sent the imperial insignia to Lothair, who, disregarding the various partitions, claimed the whole of the Empire. He was 45 years old when his father died. Negotiations with his brother Louis the German and his half-brother Charles, both of whom resisted this claim, were followed by an alliance of the younger brothers against him. A decisive battle was fought at Fontenay-en-Puisaye on June 25, 841, when, in spite of his and his allied nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine's personal gallantry, Lothair was defeated and fled to Aachen.
With fresh troops, Lothair began a war of plunder, but the forces of his brothers were too strong, and taking with him such treasure as he could collect, he abandoned his capital to them. He met with the leaders of the "Stellinga" in Speyer and promised them his support in return for theirs, but Louis, and then the native Saxon nobility, put down the "Stellinga" in the next years.
Peace negotiations began, and in June 842 the brothers met on an island in the Saône. They agreed to an arrangement that developed, after much difficulty and delay, into the Treaty of Verdun, signed in August 843. By this, Lothair received the imperial title as well as northern Italy and a long stretch of territory from the North Sea to the Mediterranean, essentially along the valleys of the Rhine and the Rhône; this territory included the regions Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, and Provence. He soon ceded Italy to his eldest son, Louis, and remained in his new kingdom, engaging in alternate quarrels and reconciliations with his brothers and in futile efforts to defend his lands from the attacks of the Northmen (as Vikings were known in Frankish writings) and the Saracens (as those loyal to the various Fatimids, Umayyads and Abbasides are known in Frankish writings). In 845, the count of Arles, Fulcrad, led a rebellion in Provence. The emperor put it down and the count joined him in an expedition against the Saracens in Italy in 846.
In 855, Lothair became seriously ill, and despairing of recovery, he renounced the throne, divided his lands among his three sons, and on September 23 entered the monastery of Prüm, where he died six days later. He was buried at Prüm, where his remains were found in 1860. It was at Prüm that Lothair was most commemorated. The same year, Lothair's kingdom was divided among his three sons in a deal called the Treaty of Prüm: the eldest, Louis II, received Italy and the title of emperor; the second, Lothair II, received Lotharingia; the youngest, Charles, received Provence.
Lothair married Ermengarde of Tours in 821, who died in 851. their children were: Louis II, crowned King of Italy in 844 by Pope Sergius II and crowned Emperor in 850, who married Engelberga; Hiltrude, who married Berengar of Spoleto; Bertha, who married an unknown man and was later Abbess of Avenay; Gisela, Abbess of San Salvatore at Brescia; Lothair II, who succeeded his father and married Teutberga, daughter of Boso the Elder, Count of Arles; Rotrude, who married Lambert III of Nantes; and Charles, who was Invested with Provence, Lyon and Transjuranian Burgundy.
Lothair had one known illegitimate child, Carloman.
-- Wikiwand: Lothair I
|
795 - 855 (60 years)
[1, 2] 
